Objective(s): Health Insurance literacy (HIL) is the knowledge, ability, and confidence of people to find and evaluate information about Insurance plans, choose the best plan and how to use it. This study was conducted to examine the level of HIL among the insured person of the Iran Health Insurance Organization in Tehran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 with the participation of 309 insured person. The data were collected using a 27-item questionnaire that included three dimensions of access, Insurance terms, and performance skills. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. Data analysis was performed in SPSS.24 using T-test and One-way ANOVA. Results: The mean score for access was 8.5±1.91, Insurance terms 10.21±2.46 and performance skill was 22.94±3.23. The overall mean HIL score was 41.64±6.22. The HIL status of 60% of the insured person was intermediate and 40% was low. The mean score of HIL was higher among people living in the northern region, those covered by the special diseases fund, those with a monthly less income, and those without supplementary Insurance. The HIL level was also higher among people whose source of Insurance information was friends and acquaintances (P<0.05). Conclusion: The majority of people had relatively low levels of HIL. Knowing the level of HIL and the factors that influence it can guide policy makers in developing educational interventions to remove barriers and improve HIL. Educational interventions through public media such as television, short videos on the websites and applications of Insurance organizations and social media, and the provision of Insurance information on waiting room monitors in medical centers are suggested to improve HIL.

This research aims to test the presence of asymmetric information by using the dynamic information of automobile policyholders in Iran Insurance Company (IIC). The Conditional Independence test is conducted by Bivariate Probit model, the dynamic properties which are presented for bonus/malus system are tsted by a Dynamic Bivariate Probit model. Using a sample of 86637 policyholders in IIC, our finding confirms a positive correlation between risk and coverage in Bivariate Probit Model, which supports presence of asymmetric information. Also, there is a negative correlation between claims in the periods of t and t-1 in Dynamic Bivariate Probit model, confirming that the behavior of Insurance policy holders is subject to moral hazard.

Insurance linked securities as a financial derivative are one of the common tools in the financial economy that risk management specialists in the Insurance industry use with the purpose of financing and transferring risk to the capital market. Nevertheless, despite the fact that these bonds have been in use in the global financial markets for more than 30 years, in Iran, due to the lack of infrastructure, some ambiguities in interpretation, the complex and technical nature of Insurance operations, and as a result The complexity of ILS bonds, this financial instrument has not been used in the Insurance industry. On the other hand, with the start of sanctions on the Insurance industry since 2009 and the withdrawal of brokers and reinsurers from the country's Insurance industry, it was not possible to transfer large and catastrophic risks outside the geographical borders of Iran, and this risk accumulation In the country, the risk of bankruptcy of Insurance companies has increased in the event of a major and catastrophic accident. Based on this, in this article, using Markov-switching approaches, value at risk (VAR) and scenario building, the design of excess damage coefficient bonds as one of the types of ILS bonds in the field of fire and It has been paid in the country's Insurance industry. Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that the papers designed in this study meet three conditions; Guaranteeing the principal of the buyers of ILS bonds (with the aim of solving the jurisprudential problem), the expected return higher than the risk-free return rate in the market, as well as the attractive premium rate (proportion between the commitment limit and the premium rate), can be the basis for issuing these bonds in provide Iran's capital market.

Objective: the application and execution of regulations relevant to the title Insurance in Iranian legal system for providing safe and secure real estate dealings in domestic law. Methodolgy: Given the American law and practice of title Insurance, we are analyzing the situation in Iranian legal system. Our method is autonomous legal doctrinal as well as experimental methodology in applying the foreign institution on Iranian legal system. Findings: Contracts regarding the real estates are social sensitive dealings that require special and precise consideration of regulatory authorities in every legal system. So many of them secure this need with compulsory registration. But some legal systems regard this mechanism inadequate for protecting individual rights. The Insurance companies that have access to the registration records of lands, can insure the legal and factual status of real estates, e. g. soundness of the land, it’ s deeds and certifications and to compensate land’ s hidden defects at the moment of conclusion of the contract of sale of the land. So, it would be responsible for the land’ s factual and legal defects and this would be proper for society and its legal system. Because of efficient consequences arising out of the legal protection of deeds & promotion of security for real estate dealings, some institutions are ready to cover the liabilities and compensation of these lands. Consequently, the legal system shouldn’ t ignore the investment and economic development following from the title Insurance and must emphasis on its importance and adopt proper rules for that purpose. There is no regulation of Title Insurance in Iranian Legal system. But there are some provisions that would help us to adopt this system of protecting the rights and public policies. Conclusion: There is no legal barrier to applying the title Insurance regulations in Iranian legal system, but some factual matters should be eliminated from this institution, such as dealing and registering the real estate in practice that is not conform with economic and law principles in general. Legislators should prevail over the problem with legalizing the compulsory registration of deeds in real estate transactions and obliging the parties to refer to the lawyers. Adjacent to this the high legal authorities in the area of Insurance industry should regulate these dealings with special terms and clauses for title Insurance.

Medical Insurance causes increasing justly availability of people to health care. Actually the main object of improvement of health Insurance system is better access to multilateral expansion. Therefore for attention to good quality and quantity Insurance services is necessary for any society.This research has a descriptional form that is performed in order to determine the position of rendering Insurances services from viewpoint of insured person’s employees of Insurance and Insurance organization of clinical services in Mashhad city 1379. 487 insured subjected, 301 employees were selected by the method of cluster classic and probability.Aquired information were collected by sample selection form and questionnaire for insured persons and a questionnaire for employees of Insurance, interview and a questionnaire for managers.Obtained results from testing quality show that 84.2% insured as average, 88.1% employees knew the quality as well, and 66.6% managers declared it as average.Since the most insured people, employees and managers evaluated the Insurance services in employees about to quality, it seems that, with respect to the significance of the problem, eliminating this difference and rendering services as desirable form is essential.

This paper studies and evaluates transaction costs in Insurance markets between insurer and insured. We divide transaction costs into four parts and study E-Insurance in reducing transaction costs. The results show that insured transaction costs are 10.4 percent and the insurer transaction costs are 2.07 percent of company total costs. We use EViews, SPSS and Excel software in our analyses.

This research studies life Insurance customers data in order to construct a clustering model for providing services. According to our estimations for sample size, our sample consists of 1000 life Insurance policyholders who bought their policies in 2013 from an Insurance Company. Using clustering data mining models, effective factors and their relationships are examined. Finally, the results of different clustering models are compared to each other. According to the results, Insurance companies can categorize life Insurance customers into two main groups, including "profitable customers" and "risky customers". Hence, Insurance company is able to offer suitable service packages to each group of customers. Some demographic indices, such as “ gender” and “ age” , and Insurance indices, such as “ annual premium” and “ death rate due to accident” are considered as effective factors for identifying groups of customers.

This study aims to assess the financial solvency levels of Insurance companies across different Insurance branches by comparing solvency margin ratios (SMR) calculated using regulatory coefficients and actuarial risk assessments. The study employs a quantitative research design, analyzing the financial solvency of eight major Insurance companies operating across multiple branches, including life, health, property, liability, aviation, and marine Insurance. Data were collected from publicly available financial reports, solvency disclosures, and actuarial evaluations, following the solvency assessment guidelines outlined in regulatory frameworks such as Solvency I and Solvency II. The solvency margin ratio was calculated using the formula SMR = Available Capital ÷ Required Capital, with comparative analysis conducted to evaluate differences between regulatory and actuarial assessments across Insurance branches. Descriptive analysis, ratio comparisons, and sensitivity analysis were employed to interpret the results. The results indicate significant discrepancies between regulatory and actuarial solvency assessments, with life Insurance demonstrating the highest solvency ratios and aviation and marine Insurance exhibiting the lowest solvency levels. The findings suggest that regulatory solvency assessments may underestimate financial risks in high-risk branches, whereas actuarial assessments provide a more comprehensive risk-sensitive evaluation. Companies with diversified portfolios and strong capital reserves generally demonstrated higher solvency ratios, emphasizing the importance of risk management and capital adequacy strategies in maintaining financial stability. The study highlights the necessity for a more refined regulatory framework that aligns with actuarial risk assessments to ensure accurate solvency evaluations and financial resilience. Insurance companies should integrate both regulatory and actuarial solvency models to enhance financial risk management, particularly in high-risk branches such as aviation and marine Insurance, to strengthen financial sustainability.

In this paper we consider deregulation as an effective ingredient for Insurance companies' organizational structure when organizational structure is intended as a dependent variable. Our fmdings here is based on the views of 168 executives and assistants in central branches of private Insurance companies in Tehran, with at least 5 years experience in Insurance industry. These data were analyzed using covariance structure (structural equations modeling) and confirmatory factor analysis with parametric tests to compare group correlations. The results indicated that after deregulation, Insurance companies' organizational structure will change and formalization, centralization becomes more focused. In fact, after deregulation, msurance companies' organizational structure will be more automated.