In the paper, \w introduce the notion of an action Yx as a generalization of the notion of a module, and the notion of a norm D: Yx ®F, where F is a field and D(xg) 6 (g’) = 6 (g) 6 (xg') as well as the notion of fuzzy norm, where D:gx® [0, 1] ÍR, with R the set of all real numbers. A great many standards mappings Oil algebraic systems can be modeled On norms as shown in the examples and it is seen that Ker D= {gl D(g) = O} has many useful properties. Some are explored. In the discussion of the discussion of fuzzy forms as they relate to the complements of sub actions Nx of Yx .

To investigate the effects of plant density on grain yield and its components of corn hybrids, a split plot experiment on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in the city of Eyvan, in 2008. Varieties of Ksc 704, Ksc 604 and Ksc 647 arranged as factor A and plant density at 5 levels, including 5.5, 7, 8.5, 10 and 11.5 plants per square meter were factor B. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of density on plant height and ear length from ground, was significant and the impact of these two factors on other characteristics was significant. The maximum number of rows at per ear (15.06), in hybrid of Ksc 604 was produced and density 5.5 plants per square meter with 15.13 were of the highest value. The Maximum highest total number of grains per ear (375.8) in cultivar Ksc 704 was produced and Minimum, in variety of Ksc 604 was obtained. 1000 seed weight in cultivar Ksc 604 and Ksc 704 with 278.5 and 269.4 g, had the highest and lowest rates and 1000 kernal weight from density from 5.5 to 11.5 plants per square meter showed a decreasing trend. According to the results, the variety of Ksc 704 In terms of production the highest grain yield (9196 kg ha), and density of 10 plants per square meter, was seen as the best variety and density.

To study the effect of the intensity and timing of topping on maize grain yield, an experiment was conducted for two years during 2002-2003 cropping seasons at Safiabad Agriculture Research Center (SARC) using KSC 704 maize hybrid. The experiment was carried out in factorial experiment using a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Treatments were three levels of topping above the ear after anthesis (complete topping, one leaf left and two leaves left) and four topping dates (immediately after anthesis and three topping dates following anthesis with 10 days interval) and control treatment without topping. Results indicated that, there were significant differences among treatments for grain yield and 1000 kernels weight. Topping decreased grain yield and 1000 kernels weight. Control treatment had the highest grain yield (9.94 t/ha) and 1000 kernels weight (327.4 g), and complete topping treatment at anthesis had the lowest grain yield (8.15 t/ha) and 1000 kernels weight (269.79 g). Therefore, topping can decrease grain yield and 1000 kernels weight about 18 percent. There were no significant differences for protein content among treatments. The effect of topping and topping dates for forage yield was also significant. Complete topping with (6.57 t/ha) forge yield had the highest and two leaves with (2.63 t/ha) had the lowest level. Therefore, although topping produced about (6.57 t/ha) forage yield, however, reduced grain yields about (1.79 t/ha) or 18 percent, hence it is not recommended.

In order to study the effect of Plant density on Some Quantitative and Qualitative Grain Yield of three Cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum durum) under Irrigation Condition, a field experiment was conducted in Mehran Agriculture research station of Ilam province during 2007-2008 year. Experiment was split plot desigh based on RCB (Randomized complet block) with four replications. factors were cultivars (Yavaros, Karkheh and Saymareh) and plant densities (300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 seed m-2). Therefor, effect of Plant density and cultivars on Yield and Yield components, Bilogical yield and harvest Index and Grain Protein Content were evaluated. Results showed that Cultivar and Plant density effects were significant (P>0.01) for Grain yield and harvest Index. Karkheh cultivar with 5859.87 (kg ha-1) and 46.07 (%) were highest Grain Yield and Harvest Index respectively. Saymareh cultivar with 490.37 (kg ha-1) and 40.74 (%) were lowest Grain Yield and Harvest Index respectively. Density of 450 seed m-2 with 5649.05 (kg ha-1) and 300 seed m-2 with 5043.27 (kg ha-1) were highest and lowest Grain Yield, respectively. Density of 500 seed m-2 with 44.70 (%) and 300 seed m-2 with 41.67 (%) were highest and lowest (HI), respectively. Effect of cultivar on Bioligical Yield is not Significant. There is Significant difference (P>0.01) of density related to Biological yield. The plant densities giving the highest (HI) were at least 400 to 500 seed m-2 for most the varieties studied. There is Significant difference of cultivars related to all of Yield Components. Results Showed that Karkheh cultivar have highest Spike no. per m2, Kernal no. per Spike, Spiklet no. per Spike and Kernal no. per Spiklet whith 601.68, 62.42, 18.32 and 2.26, respectively and Saymareh cultivar have lovest Spike no. per m2, Kernal no. per Spike, Spiklet no. per Spike and Kernal no. per Spiklet whith 530.75, 51.85, 15.19 and 1.57, respectively. The highest and lowest 1000-Grain Weight were related to Yavaros with 46.01 (g) and Saymareh with 40.63 (g), respectively. Effect of density on Yield Components were Significant (P>0.01). The highest Spike no. per m2, Kernal no. per Spike and Spiklet no. per Spike were related to 450 and 500 seed m-2, respectively; and lowest of these relevant to 300 seed m-2. The cultivar ´ density interaction effect on Grain Yield, Harvest Index, Kernal no. per Spike and Spiklet no. per Spike was Significant. Results Showed that Karkheh Cultivar at 400 seed m-2 with 6048 (kg ha-1), 46.8 (%) and 19.6 were gave the highest Grain Yield Harvest Index and Spiklet no. per respectively, and also highest Kernal no. per Spike was gave Kharkheh cultivar with 65.1 at 450 seed m-2. Grain Protein Content was significantly affected by cultivar and density. The highest Grain Protein Content were related to saymareh cultivar and 300 seed m-2.

Artificial drying of rough rice products is one of the most common methods of its preservation. Rapid drying can increase brittleness and induce internal cracks which predispose the product to breakage during subsequent activities. The drying process must be understood and product to breakage during subsequent activities. The drying process must be understood and controlled so that design guidelines which reduce or minimize drying damage to rough rice can be established and improved. This requires an accurate description of the drying mechanism. A finite element formulation and solution of a set of linear and nonlinear coupled conductive heat and diffusive moisture transfer equations to improve grain drying simulation of ax symmetric bodies is presented. Ax symmetric linear triangular elements with two degrees of freedom per node are used to decretive the rice grain in both models. One medium grain, "Binam", was used. During the thin layer drying, moisture was measured every minute. Good agreement has been observed when the output of nonlinear model was compared to experimental data obtained by others. Relative deviance average that calculated of linear and nonlinear model with experimental data, respectively 10.5% and 3.5%. This result shows that nonlinear is near experimental data. Nonlinear model is used for moisture simulation of rough rice drying. The simulated moisture profile and gradient are directly usable for stress cracking analyses of rough rice. The results of the finite element analysis can be used for rough rice quality evaluation and drying simulation studies.

Nutritional value, deliciousness and ease of digestion, high calories, suitable vitamins and minerals are some of the qualities that make pistachios superior to other kernels and are often consumed dry. Fresh pistachio does not have long shelf life despite its higher nutritional value, therefore, studying the methods of increasing the storage of fresh pistachios for the market is one of the aims of this product. In this regard, a study was carried out to investigate the effect of combined treatment of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with different concentrations of two essential oils of clove and on the storage life of pistachio cultivar, Ahmad Aghaei. In this study, factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. In this experiment the treatments were in two levels, one concentration of control edible (distilled water), 0. 5% CMC, 0. 5% CMC +400 mg clove, 0. 5% CMC +800 mg clove + 0. 5 0% CMC +1200 mg clove and second factor of storage period were studied at two levels (25 and 50 days). The results showed that with increasing storage time, skin and kernal firmness decreased in all treatments. The percentages of weight loss, chroma index, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide increased during storage. The application of carboxymethyl cellulose alone and with the essential oils of cloves compared to the distilled water application improved most of the factors studied. The combined treatments were able to maintain fruit firmness compared control sample and were unable to maintain the amount of phenolic compounds, total chlorophyll of kernal, and kernal carotenoids during storage. Overall, the combination of carboxymethyl cellulose with 400 mg / L of clove essential oil were able to retain most of Ahmadaghaie's pistachio quantitative and qualitative characteristics for up to 50 days.

To investigate the effect of different levels of Mycort fungus, nitrogen fertilizer and cytokinin hormone on yield and yield components of wheat, an experiment was conducted in 2018-19 crop year. The experimental design was a factorial based on randomized complete block with three replications. The first factor was organic fertilizer of mycorrhizal fungus (2, 4 and 6 kg/100 kg seeds), the second factor was nitrogen fertilizer (zero, 25 and 50 kg/ha) and the third factor was cytokinin foliar application (control, foliar application at flowering and grain filling). The results of mean comparisons showed that levels of 25 and 50 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer increased the number of grains compared to the control treatment by 44. 23 and 32. 69%, respectively. resultsshowed that inoculation with 2 and 4 kg/100 kg of seeds along with the application of 25 kg / ha of nitrogen had the highest spike length and number of fertile spikes. The highest number of fertile spikes, number of grains per spike, 1000-kernal weight, grain yield and harvest index were assigned to seed inoculation treatment with 4 kg of mycorta and cytokinin foliar application at grainclosure stage. Also, foliar application of cytokinin in the graining stage along with the application of 25 kg / ha of nitrogenfertilizer had the highest number of spikes, 1000-kernal weight, biological yield and grain yield.

To determine the effects of foliar applications of some macroelements on castor seed yield and its components under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Center of East Azerbaijan province. A factorial experiment, based on randomized complete block design with three replications, was carried out during 2013 growing season. Treatment factors consisted of irrigations with two levels (no water deficit and water deficit during grain filling stage) and of foliar applications of macroelements with four levels [control, wettable sulfur (0.2 percent), nitrogen (urea: 0.6 percent) and phosphor (super phosphate triple: 0.4 percent). Traits studied were: plant height, number of inflorescence, number of lateral branches, number of leaves, leaf temperature, relative water content, number of seeds per plant, 1000-kernal weight and seed yield. All traits, except number of inflorescence, were affected significantly by drought stress. Water deficit reduced plant height, number of leaves, number of seeds per plant, 1000-kernal weight, seed yield, relative water content, while it increased leaf temperature. Number of lateral branches was affected significantly by interaction between factors. Maximum latral branches (1.86) were obtained under non-stress treatment with nitrogen foliar application. Moderate drought stress had significant effect on leaf temperature and relative water content. It seems that, these traits can be used in determination of water deficit effects on castor bean.