An agricultural system will be sustainable while the lost nutrients are substituted in some ways. Chemical fertilizers is one of the main resources to nutrients supply for plant that optimum use of them, have an important role in field of ecologically sustainability and the agricultural products safety. One of the suitable tools that make it possible to manage the soil fertility is the use of soil nutrients elements maps. On the other hand zoning maps of nutrients can be guideline for proper application of chemical fertilizer. In this research, it was assessed the spatial variations and zoning of macronutrients included nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Based on these, 96 soil samples collected from surface (0-25 cm) and sub surface (25-50 cm depths) in campus of University of Zanjan, Iran. The sampling method was based on regular network and the distance between two adjacent samples was selected 250 m. Statistical analysis presented that nitrogen has the lowest variation coefficient among the studied elements. Results of geostatistical analysis revealed that exponential model describes spatial variations of the three elements properly. In the studied depths, minimum effective range of potassium were estimated between 328.1 and 553.7 m.Zoning maps of the macronutrients showed that distribution of them is not random and is following a spatial pattern.

Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is still an ongoing problem affecting people’, s well-being globally. It is known that malnutrition is an important determinant of immune function, leading to an increased risk of infection and severity of diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between macronutrients and micronutrients and this viral infection. Methods: This study was a historical cohort including 6539 subjects (57. 2% females, 42. 8% males) from the Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD) cohort study. Dietary intakes were assessed using a 65-item validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Data on COVID-19 diagnosis was collected from online health records of patients available in the Sina health information system from the onset of the disease to the end of July 2020. COVID-19 diagnosis has been confirmed using a lung spiral CT scan or PCR laboratory test. SPSS software (Version 20) was used for the analysis of data. . Results: A total of 154 subjects including 85 men (55. 2%) and women (44. 8%) were infected with COVID-19. Body mass index (p=0. 03) and waist circumference (p=0. 01) of the patients along with the protein (p=0. 02), total N2 (p=0. 02), calcium (p=0. 02) and thiamin (p=0. 04) content of their diet was significantly associated with COVID-19. After multivariate analysis, dietary calcium remained the only dietary factor that predicted COVID-19 infection (OR=0. 94, 95%CI [0. 87-0. 99], p value=0. 04). Conclusion: Our findings indicated that prevalence of COVID-19 may be affected by dietary macronutrients and micronutrients. According to our data, increased calcium intake can reduce the prevalence of COVID-19.

Background & Aims: Breastfeeding is an important public health strategy due to its benefits in reducing the morbidity and mortality of infants and helping to control health care costs. Breastfeeding with various macronutrients and micronutrients plays its nutritional and biological roles in optimal growth and development of the infant. Based on the importance of breastfeeding, this study aimed to determine the levels of macronutrients in mature human milk, and the affecting factors. Materials & Methods: This case-control study was performed in Tabriz during September-February in 2018. A total of 102 women who were delivered by cesarean section or vaginal delivery were selected using convenience sampling. Breast milk samples were collected at 15 ± 1 day postpartum, and using the Lactoscan, milk macronutrients (lactose, fat, protein) and milk energy were measured. Results: Mean lactose, protein, lipid, and energy mature human milk’ s in both groups were (7. 30) g/ml, (2. 78) g/ml, (3. 65) g/ml, and (68. 81) kcal/ml, respectively. Factors affecting breast milk lactose and fat levels included mother's current weight, infant's birth weight, and delivery mode. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that variables such as delivery mode predict the levels of macronutrients in breast milk. Due to the importance of macronutrients for infant growth and health, paying attention to these factors, especially promoting vaginal delivery, is important.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women. Weight gain and high intake of energy lead to incidence of cancer. Ecologic, epidemiologic and immigrant studies suggest an association between the dietary pattern and the risk of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to compare the dietary pattern between breast cancer patients and healthy women.METHODS: In this case control study, randomly selected 45 breast cancer patients referred to Shahid Faghihi hospital was compared with their matched control groups. Anthropometric data such as weight, height and body mass index and dietary pattern such as intake of energy, carbohydrate, total fat, saturated fat, poly unsaturated fat, mono unsaturated fat, cholesterol, crude fiber and sugar was evaluated between two groups.FINDINGS: The results showed that the mean of weight in case and controls had statistically significant difference (64.8±12.7 and 70.1±9.5 kg, respectively and p= 0.023). Analysis of dietary pattern showed that only intake of total fat (70±29 and 53±17 gr, respectively and p=0.001) saturated fatty acids (20±8 and 16±5 gr, respectively and p=0.002), poly unsaturated fatty acids (21±12 and 17±8 gr, respectively and p=0.04) and mono unsaturated fatty acids (23±11 and 16±5 gr, respectively and p=0.0001) had significant difference between two groups.CONCLUSION: Higher intake of total fat and saturated fatty acid may be one of the risk factors in incidence of breast cancer.

Background: Data regarding the effect of macronutrients on metabolic responses such as insulin, norepinephrine and blood sugar is not informative. This study was designed, therefore, to explore these effects.Materials and methods: This clinical trial was carried out on 10 healthy subjects and 15 NIDDM (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) patients. Metabolic responses such as insulin, norepinephrine and blood sugar were determined before and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes after the intake of wheat starch, Na caseinat and olive oil. Statistical analyses were performed by analysis of variance with repeated measures, independent-t-test and dependent-t test.Results: The study population included 10 healthy subjects (4 females and 6 males) with the mean age of 36.6±5.8 years, and mean BMI 24±1.2 Kg/m2; and 15 NIDDM subjects (4 females and 11 males) with the mean age of 38.9±5.2 years and mean BMI 24±1.6 Kg/m2. Metabolic responses in each group showed significant difference following the intake of macronutrients (p<0.05). Baseline insulin was higher in NIDDM patients (NS). Baseline norepinephrine was higher in healthy subjects (p<0.05). Insulin increased significantly following the intake of macronutrients in healthy subjects (p<0.05). The latter increased significantly following intake of carbohydrate and protein (p<0.05) however did not differ significantly following the fat intake. Norepinephrine increased significantly following the intake of carbohydrate, protein and fat in both groups (p<0.05). Postprandial blood sugar significantly increased in healthy subjects (p<0.05). However, in NIDDM subjects it increased significantly following the intake of carbohydrate and protein and diminished following the intake of fat (p<0.05). Postprandial systolic blood pressure increased in healthy subjects (p<0.05), while systolic blood pressure did not change significantly following intake of carbohydrate and protein. It was diminished after the intake of fat in NIDDM patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: The effects of macro nutrients on metabolic responses were different in healthy and NIDDM subjects. Further studies are highly recommended.

Background: It has been postulated that there is some correlation between dietary factors and serum creatinine. Objective: To determine the correlation between the consumption of macronutrients and antioxidants intake with serum creatinine level and GFR . Methods: Out of the 15005 subjects who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), 743 ones older than 20 years were randomly selected for nutritional assessment. Excluding under and over reporters, 486 subjects remained in the study whose dietary data was detected by two 24-hour dietary recalls Serum creatinine was measured by ,selectra 2 outo analyzer and GFR was detected. Adjusting for the effect of age, sex, weight, height, WHR and serum TG, LDL HDL and cholesterol ANCOVA was used for statistical analysis. Subjects were categorized into 3 groups: equivalent to and less or more than recommended dietary allowances (RDA). Findings: Mean (±SD) of serum creatinine was 1.04+0.16 mg/dl. In persons who consumed more than 45-56 gr protein per day, serum creatinine level was significantly higher than in sub1jects whose intake was equivalent to or less than RDA (1.07±0.1 vs 0,90±0.1 and 0.01±0.1 mg/dl respectively, p<0.001). And also in persons with more than 65 protein intake per day, O R was more than two other groups (114 ± 18 vs 99 ± 19 and 91± 31 mg/m. P < 0.01). Subjects with 0.02-0.1 mg, selenium intake per day had the highest level of creatinine (1.07±0.1 mg/dl) in comparison to consumption of more than 0.1or less than 0.02(p<.001). There was no correlation between vitamin A and C intake and the percentage of carbohydrate and fat consumption, and serum creatinine level whether equivalent to, or more and less than RDA. Conclusion: This study showed a correlation between different amounts of protein and selenium intakes and serum creatinine concentration. These correlations need to be taken into account in the future related studies.

Background: A balanced nutrition is in direct association with health. Objective: To compare calories and macronutrients intake in people from two areas of Rasht and Qazvin cities. Methods: This cross sectional study was performed on 1100 persons over 30 years (cluster random) in Rasht and Qazvin in 2003. Dietary assessment was performed using a standard questionnaire. Student t-test and Pierson correlation were used for statistical analyses. Findings: We found that a series of unhealthy food habits such as consumption of hydrogenated fats, fried meat and vegetables, addition of extra salt to meals at time of eating were frequent in two cities. While there was a higher consumption of bread, legumes, meat and candies in Qazvin, demands for nutrients such as rice, dairy products, fruits, fats and poultry were higher in Rasht. Daily calories intake>3000 kcal and consumption of macronutrients such as lipids>100gr, carbohydrates>550gr and proteins>100gr was more evident in Qazvin. Conclusion: There were unhealthy dietary habits in two areas. No appropriate balance was seen between nutrients intake (low proteins, high fats and high carbohydrates). Correction of food habits and also more emphasis on nutrition education are recommended.  

Background: Elevated postprandial inflammation accelerates the process of systemic inflammation involved in chronic diseases. It seems that inflammation promotes the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome (MetS) independent from the effect of blood lipids. Dietary macronutrient composition has been suggested as one of the most important determinants of inflammation in the MetS. This study aimed to review the current evidence on the effect of dietary macronutrients on postprandial inflammation in the MetS.Methods: We searched PubMed/Medline from 1970 until 2011 with macronutrient, high/lowcarbohydrate, -fat, -protein meal, postprandial/acute inflammation, endothelial function, metabolic syndrome and individual inflammatory biomarkers as keywords. The cross-sectional and prospective studies as well as clinical trials were included in this investigation.Findings: Consumption of all dietary macronutrients, particularly dietary carbohydrates, was associated with elevated levels of postprandial inflammation in both healthy and unhealthy subjects. Carbohydrates have been consistently shown to induce postprandial inflammatory response as well as oxidative stress. Consumption of dietary fats has also been reported to result in increased levels of postprandial inflammation. However, the effects of dietary fats have been less than carbohydrates and more than dietary proteins. Of individual fatty acids, dietary intakes of MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) and high doses of ω3 fatty acids have been associated with reduced postprandial inflammation.Conclusion: Dietary intakes of carbohydrates, followed by dietary fats, are associated with elevated levels of postprandial inflammation. Further investigations are needed to confirm these conclusions.

Sewage sludge as an organic fertilizer has economic benefits. Land application of sewage sludge improves some soil chemical and physical properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sewage sludge on soil chemical properties and macronutrient concentration in acid and calcareous soils. The study was carried out in a greenhouse using factorial experiment design as completely randomized with three replications. Treatments included: four levels of 0 or control, 50, and 100, 200 ton ha-1 sludge and one level of chemical fertilizer (F) consisting of 250 kg ha-1 diammonium phosphate and 250 kg ha-1 urea, and soil including soils of Langroud, Lahijan, Rasht, and Isfahan. As a major vegetable , crop spinach (Spinacea oleracea) was grown in the treated soils. Soils samples were analyzed for their chemical properties after crop narvesting. Application of sewage sludge significantly increased plant available k, P, total N, organic matter, electrical conductivity and cation exchange in the soils. Soils pH significantly decreased as a result sewage sludge application. The effect of sewage sludge on plant yield was significant. Overall, the results indicated that sewage sludge is potentially a valuable fertilizer. However, the sludge effect on soil EC and heavy metals should be taken into consideration before its widespread use on cropland.