After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two problems relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

Objective: This study investigated behavior problems and educational achievement between children with and without motor problems.Materials & Methods: Seventeen children with motor problems (as case group) and twenty five children without motor problems (as control group) whom had been identified by Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development Scale, were randomly selected and participated in this comparative study. The parent form of the Child Behavior Checklist was used to assess children's emotional and behavioral problems. Data were analyzed by Independent T test.Results: Findings revealed that children with motor problems obtained significantly poorer scores on school achievement areas than control group (P<0.001). Children with motor problems were also found to evidence relatively high level of total, Internal, external and social problems, somatic complaints, attention deficit and reclusion based on parent reports (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference between two groups in anxiety / depression, cogitation, sexuality, criminal behavior and quarrelsome behavior (P>0.05).Conclusions: These findings indicate that all children with movement problems are at risk for problems on behavioral and school achievement areas. Assessment of children with motor problems, regardless of the degree or severity of these problems should examine a wide range of functions in addition to motor functioning.

Introduction: Perceptual motor activities improve motor skills and learning. These skills play an effective role in receiving, interpreting and responding to the sensory stimuli. This study aimed to identify perceptual-motor problems in visually impaired people. Methods: This qualitative research was conducted using a research synthesis method. Therefore, the analysis unit consisted of all the related scientific studies. With regard to the systematic research in internal and external databases based on the inclusion criteria, 1052 scientific studies were identified, and finally, according to the exclusion criteria, 71 studies were selected for the final analysis. To collect the required data, a researcher-made worksheet was used, and to ensure of the coding, two examiners were asked to reencode the findings. For data analysis, Roberts’,six-step research synthesis model with open and axial coding methods was used. Results: The results from this study led to the identification of 41 categories, which was eventually narrowed down to 14 codes of alternative concepts. The most common perceptual-motor problems of the blind were navigation, coordination of motor function, and balance disorders. Conclusion: Success in implementing educational programs and its effectiveness on the blind requires providing solutions in line with their most important problems in order of priority. Providing appropriate infrastructure, proper preparation regarding knowledge, skill and attitude among students and professors, as well as appropriate designing of educational programs for the blind prioritizing their navigation, motor coordination, and balance problems are suggested.

Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) can cause motor, sensory, cognitive, and communicative problems and poor feeding performances in children. Feeding problems could be life-threatening and negatively affect cognitive and physical growth. This study investigates the frequency of response to oral motor skills, the frequency and severity of feeding problems, and the relationship between age and oral motor skills with feeding problems in children with CP aged 2 to 7 years. Methods: This was an observational and cross-sectional study. The participants were 60 children (26 girls and 34 boys) with CP with a mean age of 4.76±1.71 years. The screening tool for eating problems and oral motor assessment scale assessed participants’ feeding and oral motor skills. The Spearman test determined the correlation between age and oral motor dysfunctions with feeding problems. Results: The present study revealed that 80% of participants indicated feeding problems in the screening tool of the eating problems test. Problems with feeding skills (51.5%) were the most frequent. Furthermore, the most frequent response of participants to “closing the lips while feeding with a spoon” was 46.7%, and “sucking with straw,” equaled 55.0%,” which was passive. For other items, the most frequent response of the examinees was “functional.” Finally, the results showed no significant correlation (P<0.05) between age and mean scores of frequency and severity of feeding problems. A significant negative correlation was found between mean scores of oral motor skill with frequency (P<0.001, r=-0.476) and severity (P=0.001, r=-0.424) of feeding problems. Discussion: The majority of children with CP have problems with feeding and oral motor skills. Some skills in the fields of feeding and oral motor should be noticed more by speech-language pathologists and included in their therapeutic program, especially “feeding skills,” “closing the lips while feeding with a spoon,” and “sucking with straw.”

Objectives: The needs and problems of students with physical-motor disabilities should be properly identified in order to solve them. The main purpose of this research was to determine the needs and problems of Iranian male students with physical-motor disabilities in the education and employment dimensions.Methods: This was a descriptive study. All the male students with physical-motor disabilities were selected from the special high schools of Tehran, Iran, in the year 2013-14 as a statistical research community. Of all, only 150 male students with physical-motor disabilities were chosen by convenience sampling method. An edited version of the questionnaire from a previous study on the needs and problems of girls and women was used for this study.Results: According to our results, the main needs of the students in the employment dimension include transportation services, specific training courses, and quotas for employment. However, the main problems in the employment dimension include displacement and transportation problems, and lack of policy enforcement. Similarly, the priority needs in the education dimension include community education and professional training, whereas the priority problems include displacement and transportation problems.Discussion: The results of this study indicated a variety of problems and needs of the Iranian students with physical-motor disabilities, indicating the requirement of planning and policies to address them.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the sexual and reproductive health challenges in women with physical-motor problems in five domains of sexual health, screening for common diseases, maternal health, prevention of unwanted pregnancy, and sexually transmitted diseases.Materials & Methods: This review study was conducted in 2016. Articles on the related topic were searched in the following databases: Proquest, Scopus, Springer, Cochrane, Science Direct, Iran medex, Magiran Irandoc, SID, and Ovid. A total of 61 related research papers, including quantitative and qualitative researches in English and Persian, from the last 15 years papers (from 18 different countries since 2000) were included in this study. Articles with unknown sample size and methodology or those conducted only on mentally handicapped individuals or men were excluded. In addition, articles with no full text access were also excluded.Results: It was found that, in the majority of communities, there was a lack of knowledge about disabilities and how to provide health services to women with physical-motor problems. Insurance and financial problems were the most common reasons for inaccessibility to health care. Other problems included the lack of physical access to health centers, negative attitudes of service providers, lack of effective communications, unfriendly physical structure, and lack of equipments. The Pap smear and mammography screening services were very poor; most of these services did not have the necessary approval from doctors. Other causes included lacking necessity of performing the test, physical and cognitive limitations, and lacking access to the facilities. In addition, low knowledge and poor family planning care were also evident. In Iran, people with disabilities had received significantly less care and family planning. Most of these women considered pregnancy and childbirth to be normal. Despite the differences in the provision of services in pregnancy and childbirth, the participants expressed positive experience during this period, although they did face increased complications of pregnancy and delivery. These women are at risk for sexually transmitted diseases and are provided with weak sexual counseling about sexuality because most of the doctors believed that they have no sex.Conclusion: Thus, due to the low knowledge and received sexual-reproductive health care in this group, community awareness, particularly for those related to the disabled individuals, is one of the main programs that can lead to the understanding and proper achievement of techniques for family and community adaptation. This will also improve the rehabilitation services. It is important to devise a way to increase the attention of the concerned authorities toward the people with disabilities for better implementation of health policies for such individuals.

The aim of the current research is to examine the effectiveness of sensory-motor integration on reading problems in students with learning disabilities. The research population of the current study includes all students referring to Centers of Learning Disorder in Yasouj during the 2014 academic year. The sample of the research consists of 24 students diagnosed to suffer from learning disorder who were divided into two groups, experiment and control, through convenience sampling method. The research had an experimental design with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. Shafii et al. ’ s Screening Test of Dyslexia Diagnosis (2008) was administered to collect data. The research questions were analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA. The results revealed that sensorymotor integration therapy led to improvements in reading problems of students with learning disabilities.

Introduction: Disability is defined as a general term for impairments, activity limitations, and participation limitations. Impairments are problems that exist in the structure or function of the body; activity limitations are problems that occur in the performance of individual tasks; and participation limitations are problems that occur in participation in life situations The purpose of the present study was to compare people with vision, hearing, physical-motor problems and people without physical problems in terms of the five major personality factors in 2024.research method: In terms of the purpose, this research is one of the applied research projects, and in terms of the method of controlling the variables, it is experimental research that was conducted in a post-event (causal comparative) manner. The statistical population of all people with vision, hearing, and physical-motor problems and people without physical problems in the form of a available non-random sampling of 32 people with vision problems, 25 people with hearing problems, 32 people with physical-motor problems and 31 A healthy witness was performed. The healthy control group was matched with other groups in terms of age and gender. SPSS version 27 software was used for data analysis in this research. In this research, a significance level of 0.05 was considered.Results: The results showed that there were significant differences between the groups in all factors. The amount of overall group differences in the factors from the highest to the lowest included agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and extroversion. In pairwise comparisons, it was found that, generally, the group with vision problems had the most differences with other groups (p<0.05).Discussion: Therefore, it is concluded that there are differences between people with visual, hearing, and physical-motor problems and people without physical problems in terms of the Big Five personality factors.