PLUM fruit moth, Grapholita funebrana is one of the most important PLUM (Prunus domestica) pests. This project was carried from 2019 to 2021 to screen 26 cultivars and promising genotypes of PLUM in terms of pest larvae feeding tolerance index. The percentage of injury and the larvae population were measured every ten days until the end of October during the activity period of larvae. Then the biological stress sensitivity index was calculated. Time series models were used to investigate the correlation between injury percentage and larval population density, and the cluster analysis method was used to separate cultivars and genotypes based on tolerance index. The degree of influence of different fruit characters on tolerance was investigated by calculating Spearman's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the maximum effective day-larva index in the study years was in late July to early August. The values of cross correlation coefficient in Ghalo and Sosormi cultivars had maximum and minimum values, respectively. Finally, Queen Roza and Anjelo were the most sensitive, and Qomi, Gholaman, Faryar, G-Black, Zojlo, Gallo, G-100, G98, G99, Mortini, Black Amber and Kermanshah were the most tolerant cultivars to PLUM moth. Fruit surface area, sphericity index, average diameter of fruit engineering, fruit size index, fruit length and width had positive and significant correlation with tolerance indices. The results of this research are part of the breeding program of PLUM cultivars to develop the cultivation of this product in the country.

The aims followed in this study were to investigate the energy flow and its modeling for Shablon cultivar of PLUM production in Golestan Province, Iran. Data were collected through questionnaires as well as interviews with producers. Cobb-Douglass model and sensitivity analysis were used to determine the effects of energy inputs on PLUM yield. The results revealed that the total energy inputs and energy use efficiency of PLUM production in the region were 25870.33 MJha-1 and 1.04, respectively. Diesel fuel and chemical fertilizer, the highest energy inputs, carried shares of 33 and 30 percent, respectively. The shares of renewable energy and non-renewable energy of production were recorded as 88 and 12 percent, respectively. The Cobb-Douglas model results revealed that the effects of human labor, agricultural machinery, diesel fuel, biocide and farmyard manure were positive on the yield, in contrast, the effect of chemical fertilizer use on PLUM yield was negative. The results concerning the sensitivity analysis showed that increasing one unit of MJ in input energies of human labor, machinery, diesel fuel, biocide and farmyard manure led to an additional increase in yield recorded as 0.34, 0.46, 0.12, 0.26 and 0.21 kg, respectively. An increase of one unit of MJ inputin the form of energy of chemical fertilizers led to a decrease in yield of 0.87 kg.

In order to study of the fruit quality and antioxidant attributes of interspecific hybrid and its comparison with some PLUM and apricot cultivars, an experiment was conducted as a complete randomized design with 4 apricot, 2 PLUM cultivars and an interspecific PLUM-apricot hybrid in three replicate. Fruit were harvested at physiological ripening stage and fruit firmness, total acidity, pH, total soluble solids content, ascorbic acid, total phenol and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity were evaluated. Results showed that 'Shablon' PLUM have the highest fruit flesh firmness. The highest and the lowest total soluble solid content were recorded in 'Nasiri' and 'Dorosht-Malayer' cultivars, respectively. 'Ghorban-Maraghe' and the interspecific hybrid, showed the highest and lowest vitamin C content, respectively. The highest phenol content was recorded in 'Shablon' PLUM. Generally, the phenol content of PLUMs and the interspecific hybrid were higher than apricots. Among the PLUMs, apricots and interspecific hybrid no significant difference was recorded on the total flavonoid content. The antioxidant capacity of PLUMs was higher than apricots, while hybrid showed intermediate values with respect to the values observed in the parents.

PLUM fruit moth Grapholita funebrana (Treitschke) is one of the important pests of PLUMs. The aim of this study was to assess the antixenosis resistance of PLUM genotypes/cultivars and the effect of fruit physico-chemical characteristic on it. Twenty seven PLUM genotypes/cultivars in fruits tree genetic resources collection in Kemalshahr in Karaj, Iran, were considered and evaluated from 2019 to 2021 seasons. Antixenosis resistance indices were estimated by sampling larvae population during the seasons. The PLUM geneotypes/cultivars were grouped using cluster analysis, and the relationship between different fruit characteristics and antixenosis resistance was investigated using Pearson correlation. The antixenosis resistance indices had significant relationship with fruit length, width, diameter, engineering diameter, spherical index and fruit surface area. The minimum antixenosis index of larvae establishment ratio in Bukhara, Genotype 19 and Uromieh 20 was 0. 02, and its maximum was 0. 06 in Anjelo, Friar, G-98, Kh-Mashhad and Sosourmi. The minimum larval non-preference index was 91. 96 in G-Melayer and its maximum was 98. 81 in Bukhara. The minimum larvae preference was 0. 03 in Sosourmi, and its maximum was 1. 03 in Zojlo. The minimum larvae crowding index was 24. 6 in Bukhara, and its maximum was 66. 42 in G-98. Finally, Black Star, Queen Rosa, G99, G98, Qomi, Santa Rosa, Sosurmi, Anjelo, Black Amber, and GR-Rezaieh genotpes/cultivars were more resistant, and Kermanshah genotype was the most sensitive to PLUM fruit moth. The results of this research are part of the supplementary information for selection of suitable PLUM cultivars for development of PLUM orchards in Karaj and other similar envirmonetal conditions.

PLUM seedlings are among the most important rootstocks used for stone fruits in Iran. Due to high genetic diversity in seedling rootstocks, it makes possible differences in scion performances and finally non-uniformed orchards. In this study, RAPD markers were used for genetic diversity analysis of 72 PLUM genotypes. Twenty two primers were used that produced 224 bands among them 205 were polymorphic and 19 bands were monomorphic. The highest number of produced bands were 17 (TibMolBiol-BD04 primer) and the highest polymorphic band ratio were 100% (BB03, BB05, BB08, BD04, BD05, BD11, BD13, BD15, BD17 and BD18 primers). The average percentage of polymorphism among all of the primers used was 89.037 percent. Total resolving power was 92.16 with the mean of 4.19. The lowest similarity was (0.23) between Tanasgol (probable hybrid of PLUM and apricot) and S4-13, and the highest (0.87) was between S11-25 and S11-26. The mean similarity was 0.55 among pair-wise of genotypes. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficients and UPGMA method and at similarity level of 0.58, were divided the genotypes into 13 sub-clusters which Tanasgol genotype was separated individually from others at distance of 0.29. The result showed a relatively high genetic diversity among PLUM genotypes.

Indicators for predicting the quality and vigor of fruit tree seedlings can be worthwhile if they are conveniently and visually assessable in various climatic regions. Since allometric relationships exist between PLUM seedling vigor index and morphological traits, this study evaluated morphological features in PLUM seedlings while determining their quality and vigor. The samples were of major commercial varieties from several regions of Iran, and the assessments followed path analysis and multiple linear regression. PLUM seedlings of 8 commercial cultivars were harvested in three replicates from 11 nurseries in four provinces. Morphological indicators included seedling height, diameter above the graft line (DAGL) and at root-collar (RCD), root length, number of roots and branches, seedling vigor, dry weights of aerial parts and roots (ADW and RDW, respectively), and ratio of height to DAGL and seedling height to ADW. Simple correlations among these variables appeared diverse, and the correlation coefficients broke down into direct and indirect effects through path analysis, with vigor as the dependent variable. This variable increased with some of its components, including DAGL and dry weight. However, the ratio of height to DAGL decreased when the accumulated growing degree-days (AGDD) increased from 2700 to about 4500 °C per day in the various regions. Average vigor values of certified and uncertified seedlings were 11.7 and 19.2, respectively. Among the visually assessable traits in the nursery, DAGL showed a higher correlation with the vigor variable and other morphological features, thus making it the most important index for PLUM seedling evaluation.

Thirty quantitative and qualitative characters related to the vegetative and reproductive growth were recorded on 257 PLUM seedlings in Karaj during 2006 to 2009. Results showed high variability in studied characters among seedlings. Height of seedlings were 60-231, 100-317 and 430-125 cm in the second, third and fourth years of growth respectively. Increase in height was 4-197 cm between the second and third, and 9-141 cm between the third and fourth years of growth. Simple correlation coefficients were significant among some important characters such as height and trunk diameter, growth habit, vigor and yield. In cluster analysis seedlings were divided into five groups, including very strong, strong, intermediate, weak and extremely weak groups. Based on the results, slow-growth seedlings, suitable for rootstock, were S11-23, S11-25, S11-26 and S7-37 and high-growth genotypes were S1-1, S1-20, S1-22, S3-1, S9-3 and S4-30.

The genotypic variation on physico-chemical characteristics of wild grown PLUMs (Prunus spinosa L.) was investigated. The total phenolic contents were in a range of 117 to 407 mg GAE/100 g FW. The vitamin C was highest in yellow colored fruits (12.10 mg/100 ml). The total soluble solid content varied between 9.40% (yellow colored) and 12.90% (dark purple colored) fruits. Antioxidant activity of dark purple, red and yellow skin colored PLUM fruits were found between 71.15-78.99% which lowers than standard BHA (82.07%).