With the advancement of technology, the media’s influence has increased prominently over societies. Science popularization or science generalization in its new type was formed in western countries and seriously has been addressed in current 50 years.Policy –makers have well perceived that they are forced to popularize science for improving political, social and economic status of their societies and they are also aware that the media is the best, most efficient and most available means for science popularization. This survey aims to address and explore the role of media in science popularization in Iran. The method of this paper is documentary and field research. This study investigates the role of media in popularization of sciences using “use and gratification theory” and Rogers’s “diffusion of innovations theory”. The findings emphasize on “the key role of media in science popularization” as a mediator of science and society. Generally, the media have the role of mediator in popularization and belief in science.

By the force of our social constructivist gyrations, we have developed glimpses of a social, cultural, and historical dimension in which the discourse of science operates. These glimpses indicate to us how much the discourse of science is part of complex webs of human􀂶 s social interaction. Recognizing this social, cultural, and historical nature, the present paper looks at the way informal elements are penetrating into the discourse of science. Working on a corpus of scientific journal articles, scientific magazine articles, and scientific newspaper articles, the present article shows that regardless of their generic qualities, communicative purposes and the target audience, all scientific texts included in the three corpora are vulnerable to the penetration of informal elements. However, the differences in terms of communicative purposes and target audiences affect the way informal elements are distributed in the three corpora. Providing a deeper sociolinguistic explanation on the observed variations, the paper is concluded with some implications of the findings for ESP pedagogy.

Gender is the basic element in determining the relationship between popularization and family damage. The Islamic family is based on gender differences and gender roles. It has a modified moral identity and vertical structure. But the popularized family is based on the similarity of gender, rights-oriented roles and has a horizontal structure. Using a cultural approach and in the light of the confrontation of today's culture and Islamic culture regarding the issue of gender, this article has tried to organize the role of popularization in the crisis of Islamic families in three consecutive levels: 1) At the level of denial of gender differences, gender identity crisis, the collapse of male authority and the feminization of family have been analyzed. 2) At the level of denying gender roles, the weakening of motherly and wifely roles has been studied, and by emphasizing on women's employment, the process of turning a house into a dormitory has been made tangible 3) At the level of increase in rights-orientedness, attention has been paid to some other damages that are classified in three axes (creditor relations, increase in family conflicts, and homelessness). In this research, the important damages imposed by popularization on Islamic families are structured in such a way that by considering their systematic link and their implications in other dimensions of family life, all the damages of the family institution are understood and this is what makes the content of this research different from other researches.

In recent years, generalization or the popularization of science has become very important in Iran. In addition to universities and academic centers, many other governmental and non-governmental institutions have also addressed the issue of science popularization. However, there is still no clear and universally accepted definition of the popularization of science. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for the popularization of science in Iran. In this study, a qualitative method with a Grounded Theory approach was used. Participants in the study were selected by purposive sampling method, which includes experts (including faculty members, professors, state representatives, heads of scientific, research institutes, and etc. ). They participated in five focus groups consisting of ten people. The interview questions were designed based on several factors that led to develop the final model. According to this method and information gathered, a total of 129 initial concept-codes have were extracted from the textual analysis of the interviews. Extracted raw codes have become 61 secondary codes due to their frequencies, and then secondary codes have reduced to 12 concept-codes. According to these concept-codes, 6 sub-categories and 6 main categories were extracted. Based on the developed model, a common definition of science popularization, factors affecting of science popularization and also the effects of science popularization in society were identified. In addition, the role of science popularization strategies in creating positive outcomes of science popularization was explained.

The importance of historiography and its effect on different dimensions of the society's political, social, and economic life highlights the necessity of its popularization for different strata of the society. Researchers have studied solutions for this society's needs. One of those solutions is "Alternative History", which tries to challenge probable and parallel historical route of events in historical points of divergence. In fact, the upcoming events after this divergence illustrate a new world by challenging the present world's political-economic conditions. This technique, due to its potential characteristics, is of useful applications in historiography. Some of those characteristics are attracting the public, improving the fantasy and reason power of the public in thinking about the past, presenting novel shapes of social realities and shaping historical thinking, and improving the historical memory of the society. This is library research and was prepared using descriptive analysis and investigates the necessity of socialization of history, Alternative history and its appearance, development, and applications in the history popularization.

Purpose: in addition to the important issues like policymaking and implementation process of Popularization of Science in the National mechanism in Iran, several factors should be considered because they have a major role in success or failure of mechanism. So, Identifying barriers and problem solving strategies are important.Methodology: A national survey involving 60 experts who were working on popularization of science by individual interest or as job task. Data were collected and analyzed by using mixed of methods (Document study, Survey and interviews). Participants were identified through targeted sampling and snowball identification technique.Findings: The descriptive results of research revealed that “Reforming the Educational systems (Schools and Universities) in Iran, with considering Popularization of Science, as one of the most important activities” was identified as the first important factors (the first in ranking), according to 60 participants answers, and also “improving the awareness of Government officials and private organizations about importance of Popularization of Science” and “Paying attention about Popularization of Science from an early ages” were two other important factors in experts points of view (the second and third in ranking).Conclusion: “Governmental Financial support from the newly established centers, private centers, entrepreneurships and etc.”, “Paying the grants to active organizations and designing encouraging programs”, and “identifying the especial policy for funding, loans, and etc. for Governmental and private centers by Government” were three important approaches in order to overcome financial problems.

this paper, with purpose of investigating the basic components and elements of programming in the field of science and technology, provides an optimal model in television media. Methodology: The method of collecting data was a compilation of interviews and survey. The statistical population consisted of the producers of TV programs affiliate with IRIB and experts in popularization of science. sampling metod is and snowball and targeted. In order to create a graceful and acceptable measurement model, confirmatory factor analysis was performed using Lisrel 8. 5 software about all the factors underlying variables. Finally, using path analysis, causal relationships between variables were tested. Findings: Because of its diversity, simplicity of use and strong influence on the community, audio-visual media have a prominent role in popularization of science. In this regard, the use of visual media such as television, despite the recency of time, has increased much wider and more general than other media tools. Analysis capabilities of this effective medium in popularization of science, can help TV managers and stakeholders in order to plan better and move in right direction. Conclusion: The results showed that in the process of production of programs, pre-production and post-production through program content, have a significant and positive relationship with audiences attitude.

In the age of modern media, on the one hand, the scope and speed of coverage of scientific news has increased, and on the other hand, the accuracy and credibility of news in this field has been accompanied by doubts. In such a situation, science journalism is one of the specialties that we need more than ever. The present study aims to focus on the challenges and opportunities of science journalism in promoting science in the current situation and in the age of modern media. In this regard, the contribution of science journalists in strengthening the relationship and trust between the scientific community and the public and increasing the participation and cooperation of academics with science journalists in the age of modern media and everything that helps increase their awareness of the type and manner of interaction with the audience. This research is an analytical-interpretive research in terms of purpose. The statistical population includes 20 experts in the field of journalism and science communication. Expert sampling was done in a purposeful manner and the data collection tool is semi-structured interview. The results show that by empowering science journalism, it is possible to produce content tailored to the general needs, increase the supervisory and demanding role of science journalists, and thus contribute to greater public engagement and interaction in science and technology. The new media are also able to strengthen the relationship and trust between the scientific community and the public and increase the participation and cooperation of academics with science journalists.

This study aims to identify the best method for policymaking to implement processes of popularization of science (PS) in Iran, providing a national mechanism with respect to meeting the challenges. We interviewed 60 experts who were working on popularization of science by individual interest or as job task. Data were collected and analyzed by using mixed of methods (Document study, Survey and interviews). We developed a questionnaire for the study. Participants were identified through targeted sampling and snowball identification technique. After gathering and analyzing the data, a number of experts participated in Delphi method and verified the first schema of national mechanism of PS. We did a comparative study of benchmarking and practicing successful methods of other countries in PS processes. The descriptive results on policy making and implementation phases of PS revealed that concentrated policy making (board of trustee) and decenterlized implementation in the country, was selected as the best mechanism.