Can Herder's philosophy of culture be a model for what is now called intercultural philosophy? Following the list of the components of intercultural philosophy from the standpoint of Ram and the Wimer in one case, Herder' s thoughts about the plurality of cultures and critique of the Enlightenment ' s Euro centrism read out, with respect to those components, to answer this question,. By this to read out, Herder's hidden ideas in this contemporary issue, or in other words, a model for it, appears. While in the Enlightenment, the rest of the cultures were immature and humiliated, for more than two centuries, Herder, with the idea of cultural diversity, provided the basis for intercultural thought in his philosophy of culture. And with critique of Enlightenment's Euro centrism, he resolved the biggest obstacle for it. Herder's precise boundary is between Rejection of radical relativism and skepticism, and promising cultural pluralism. The ultimate causes of history or affairs, in his own words, are good and perpetual, such as humanity, Happiness, Development and providence are his facilities against radical relativism. As a result of these matters as well as on the effect of cultural openings over each other, and other common issues, Herder provided important areas and mediums for polylog and coexistence of civilizations and cultures.

Relationalism is at the opposite point of substantialism, and instead of studying objects separated from each other, it starts to study the objective relations that determine them. The Marburg school is one of the most important exponents of this idea. The explanation provided by the Marburg school of relationalism was to solve the crisis of science in the 20th century. In other words, this school sought to provide an answer to the paradox of the progress of science at the same time as revolutionary changes occurred in it without losing scientific objectivity. The idea of the Marburg school was that if these changes could be explained based on an objective method or law, the credibility of science would be preserved. This objective method is the transcendental method that was reformulated inspired by Kant's transcendental logic. In this approach, the relationship between concept and reality has been revised, the reality is completely conceptual and at the same time dynamic, and it is explained how the object of scientific theories is continuously reproduced as a cultural component.

Practice theory (PT) is one of the latest theories of International Relations (IR). This theory is the outcome of the practice turn in social theory in the first decade of the 21st century. There are controversies among scholars on the nature and identity of this theory. Some consider it as a new and developed version of constructivism or neo-constructivism. Others, on the contrary, regard it as a separate theory from constructivism. Likewise, this article, argues that PT is different from constructivism in such a way that it considers international practices as the unit of analysis and independent variable to empirically and practically explain “ir”. In fact, “ir” are defined and analyzed according to regular practices of international activists on a daily basis. The aim of this study is to articulate, explain, and critique PT in the Iranian IR community. To obtain this goal, first, the practice turn in IR is explained. Then different approaches and typologies of PT are clarified. The third section examines the principles, hypotheses, and theoretical commitments of PT. The fourth part deals with how ir are analyzed via PT referring to some case studies. Next, PT is critically evaluated. Finally, the findings of the study are presented.

The theory of credit perception was first put forward by Allameh Tabataba'i and is an interactive epistemological realism based on the epistemology, according to which our cognition is refined and evolved in the face of external reality. The concept of credit perception is the result of the encounter of the symptom with the problem of the multiplication of perceptions, on the basis of which human perceptions are multiplied and, consequently, the nature of the moral propositions is explained, assuming in the initial understanding of the symptom reasoning for the validity of self-esteem and self-esteem. Subconsciously leads to normative relativism, Motahari's master confronts Allame's point of view while accepting the theory of credit by criticizing Allame's point of view and tries to prove the moral basis, and proposes a solution to the distinction between moral action and moral action. And I'm low on it Sun and the distinction between subjective and actual caliphate and current caliphate knows that, despite some criticisms, the reformist approach of Motahari may be helpful, while acknowledging that Allameh's pluralistic approach to the issue of ethics in credit perceptions is the way of dialogue. Holds it open to other cultures. In this study, while answering the question, what is Motahari's criticism of Allameh Tabatabai's ethics from the perspective of credit perceptions? Professor Motahari's view on ethics is also criticized from the perspective of credit perceptions.

The present study seeks to examine the challenges of rent-seeking and political corruption in Islamic society, which occasionally emphasizes the views of Imam Khomeini. The research question is: According to Imam Khomeini's approach, in what ways do rent and political corruption cause the failure of a desirable Islamic society? The answer is: rent has different types of political, economic and social rent. According to Imam Khomeini, there are many examples of rent, including injustice in the pursuit of interests, discrimination and relationalism, ethnicity and kinship. Sovereignty is lawlessness and disregard for meritocracy. The consequences of rent are the disruption of adjustment in the Islamic system, the increase of class distance, the expansion of deprivation and the disregard of the rule of law, and most importantly, the disregard of the rules of Sharia, which are all challenges to achieving the desired Islamic society. The suggestion is that refuting the rent debate from a jurisprudential point of view and examining its destructive effects in the field of politics and society is a way to reveal and recognize this aspect of corruption in Islamic society and fight against it. The method used in the present study is descriptive-analytical.

The current trends in the business world, from the transition to a service-based economy and the development of ICT technologies, have significantly increased the importance of relationship-based loyalty for companies. In line with these developments, establishing a long-term relationship with the customer has become a vital strategy in the banking industry. The purpose of this article is to provide a model for evaluating the effectiveness of investment strategies in the Iranian banking industry with an emphasis on customer relationalism. Investment has an impact on customer relationships. In this regard, the statistical population is the customers of Keshavarzi Bank in Tabriz, which in the sample size of 417 customers, a questionnaire was completed. Simple random sampling method was used to select the samples and the research hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling and AMOS software. According to the research findings, financial, social and structural strategies of investing in customer relationships have a positive effect on relationship quality, relationship quality has a positive effect on customer loyalty, word of mouth and customer share, and the effect of financial and social strategies on relationship quality in Relationship and non-relationship customers are different, but the effect of structural strategy on relationship quality is the same in relationship and non-relationship customers.

Background and Aim: Ethical considerations are one of the most important factors in research processes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the components of research ethics of faculty members of the humanities of Urmia University. Materials and Methods: This descriptive survey study was conducted on 73 faculty members of humanities of Urmia University. Sampling was performed by the Simple random. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed by experts and structural validity was confirmed by factor analysis. SPSS 21 statistical analysis software was used to analyze the data and research information. Findings: The results showed that the research ethics of faculty members of the humanities of Urmia University has a favorable situation (P<0. 05, M=3/07). The results also showed that the components of observer rights and intellectual property rights are in good condition (P<0. 05). However, the components of research avoidance manipulation and avoidance of relationalism in research have an unfavorable situation (P<0. 05). Ethical Considerations: in this research, all the sources used are based on the principles of research ethics and the intellectual property rights of authors and participants in the research process have been observed. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the faculty members of the humanities of Urmia University observe the ethical principles in average in their research experiences.

Introduction: Solid foundations are essential to successfully implementing a curriculum, and e-curriculums are no exception. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the socio-philosophical foundations of e-curriculums in medical education. Method: The present study was a systematic review. The scope of the research included studies from 2014 to 2024. A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases to identify studies, and internal data search engines such as Normags, Magiran, Civica, foreign IJET, Google Scholar, Eric, Scopus, Science Direct, and 28 related studies were analyzed. Descriptive, interpretive, theoretical, and practical validity were used to control the quality of the extracted codes. Finally, the data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: The findings showed that 81 open philosophical social epistemological concepts supporting the electronic curriculum were used, which can be divided into six epistemological bases of realism, existentialism, relativism, relationalism, ontology, and pragmatism based on the type of epistemological perspective. Finally, based on the selective coding process, the counted concepts were classified into three main categories: positivism, interpretive and interpretive, and critical and emancipatory. Conclusion: In the process of education from the modernist to postmodernist era, the positivist approach has always been needed as a helper to the critical epistemological perspective and cannot be definitively ignored. Therefore, it is suggested that the medical curriculum planners use the characteristics of these elements along with the deprecating approach to design an electronic curriculum.Keywords: Ethical challenges, advanced technologies, medical education

The judicial system in the Qajar era is the history of a nation that was formed within the framework of certain cultural conditions and political structures, laws that reflect the traditions, customs, rituals and ceremonies and set of values ​​of that nation. And due to the lack of codified laws, it had many shortcomings due to the royal tyranny and the spirit of secrecy, the spirit of anti-regulation and self-centeredness, relationalism, and irrationality in decision-making. In the present study, while dealing with the Iranian judicial system from the perspective of European travel writers, the issue of whether the reform of the judicial system was a function of change in the legal structure or the political and social structure of society with the constitutional movement aimed at limiting the monarchy and its axis The establishment of the rule of law, which has always played an important and key role in the transformation or progress or underdevelopment of societies, was the most fundamental and unsuccessful event in creating a fundamental change in the administrative and executive structure of the country. In this research, an attempt has been made to use the method of analyzing the content of sources and references of this period while presenting the description of the characteristics of the judicial system of the Qajar period in European travelogues of its inadequacies, inadequacies, structural anomalies. To reform this system, the causes and factors of the failure of these efforts to recognize the roots of the continuation of the heterogeneous.

Regional transportation, especially between port-hinterland, plays an important role in the economic prosperity of the country and the efficiency of the supply chain of commudities. Due to the functional and geographical differences between the hinterlands, the impact of the performance of each port on the post-coastal regional development is different leading to the diversity of different types of spatial structure in the port areas. Due to this fact, many researchers who are working in various scientific fields focus on the analyzing the relations between ports and hinterland areas and explaining the changes occurred in the spatial structure of these areas. The purpose of this research is to systematic review of researches in this field and to classify the structure and content analysis of prominent articles during period of 1997 to 2022. All of articles downloaded from Scopus database and analyzed by VOSviewer software. A comparison of the results of this research shows that in terms of specialization and distribution of journals, “The Journal of Transport Geography” is one of the main attractive journals for the researchers of spatial geography of ports. In terms of the geographical scale of the studies, most of the researches in this field have investigated the spatial structure of port-hinterland as a national scale. In addition, the geographical areas are mostly focused on the East and Southeast Asia. In terms of spatial structure typology, two types of analysis have been proposed and used in the selected articles. The first type is morphological analysis of the port-hinterland structure. The components used in this type of analysis include the objective components of the spatial structure (center, corridor, and land use area); the second type is the functional analysis of the port-hinterland structure, in which it often includes the intangible components of space (interaction, regularity and spatial territory). The results of this research show that the set of theories of port-hinterlandcan be summarized in seven thematic axes: Relations between the hinterland, port and foreland; Regional development of ports; Dry and inland ports; Port-city interface; Connections between ports and corridors; Competition between ports and forelands; and Function of ports. Finally, by reviewing the methods and techniques used in the articles, we can find four approaches of positivism, neo-positivism, relationalism and criticism in the philosophical-historical evolution of the port-hinterlamd articles.