Desire to have children is one of the basic human needs. Historically, fertility and child bearing and the number of children have been consideredas asocial value. Of course, in fertility always has been a problem for human beings and they have sought different ways for treat ment. One of the most recent assisted reproductive technologies is surrogacy.In this way, after fertilization of sper mandovum, the embryo is transferred in to the alternative womb for 9 months and after birth, the baby is delivered to the real parents.For this purpose, research erssought to understand the meaning and experience of the phenomen on of surrogacy. This qualitative study was done with a phenomenological approach and based on purposive sampling.So, deep and un structure dinter views were carried out with ten requesting mothers of surrogacy who referred to Esfahan fertility and in fertility center, and mothers expressed their experiences in this field. The data obtained from these in terviews were analyzed using 7-step Colaizzi, and five main themes were extracted in cluding: "Cause of action", ”Relation of requesting mother with Surrogate Mother", "family", "decision making" and "worries and concerns". The data of this study could provide a better understanding of the experiences of surrogacy requesting mothers.

Background: Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) is a valuable diagnostic tool by its non-invasive/non-ionizing nature. Objective: This study aims to determine justification of MRI in hospitalized patients at a tertiary provincial referent medical center in a one-year period. Material and Methods: In the present retrospective and descriptive crosssectional study, 438 admitted patients referred for MRI during 2017 were selected using systematic random sampling. The age, gender, investigated organ, the specialty of requesting physician, MRI with and without contrast, MRI diagnostic outcome were collected using checklists. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of the patients was 42±, 26 years-old and female represented 53% of enrolled patients. The most and less prevalent investigated organs were the cerebrum and the orbit. After excluding cancer diagnosis, cancer staging, and therapeutic follow-up exams, MRI request was oriented in 64. 3% and 77. 2% of positive results was concordant with aforementioned diagnostic orientation (P<0. 001). Oriented diagnostic MRI requesting is influenced by age, medical specialists and, investigated organ (P<0. 001). The positive MRI is influenced significantly by oriented MRI request, gender, medical specialists and investigated organ (P<0. 001). The diagnosis concordance of MRI is influenced significantly by oriented MRI request, medical specialists and investigated organ (P<0. 001). Conclusion: Appropriate implementation of medical imaging requires boosting employed rationality by the concerned physicians. The current suboptimal results to requesting MRI rationality should mandate supplementary educational programs as to incite the medical corpus more closely implementing the published medical practice guidelines.

This study compared the types of requesting strategies (RSs) employed by thirty three Persian Native Speakers (PNSs) students at Payame-Noor University (PNU) in Tehran, thirty seven Persian Lower-intermediate Learners (PLLs) and thirty seven Persian Upper-intermediate Learners (PULs) students at Persian center of Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU) in Qazvin in order to study to what extent requesting strategies used by Persian learners at different proficiency levels mapped those used by native speakers of Persian. The data gathered through a twelve-question Discourse Completion Test (DCT), six questions for asking address situation and six questions for borrowing situation, selection of request situations in DCT was based on two social factors of relative power and social distance and also degree of imposition in the mentioned situations. The acts were then analyzed according to model proposed by Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper (1989). This model schematized requesting strategies in three categories: Direct (D), Conventionally Indirect (CI) and Non-Conventionally Indirect (NCI) request strategies. Results revealed that all the three groups preferred Conventionally Indirect (CI) requests more and PULs’ requesting strategies mapped those used by PNSs more than PLLs’ requesting strategies. It indicated the positive effect of language proficiency level and pragmatic competence on the produced requesting strategies. Also, the values assigned to the three variables were found to have significant effect on the requesting strategies.

Background: The characteristic clinical presentation of glomus tumors and the low negative predictive value of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) raise the question whether MRI improves their management. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether MRI improved the management of glomus tumors. Methods: In total, 87 patients with a histologically confirmed glomus tumor were treated over a 25-year period and analyzed retrospectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent predictors of an MRI request during the management of glomus tumors. Results: According to the results, the patients who were treated by orthopaedic surgeons were more likely to have an MRI during the management of a glomus tumor. Conclusion: The role of an MRI during the management of a glomus tumor is unclear. Orthopaedic surgeons are more likely to request an MRI. Furthermore, visible lesions with characteristic symptoms probably do not benefit from MRI. However, it may help to be sure that the highest-quality MRI is used with the best possible coil for the finger.

Background: One of the issues which have recently drawn the attention of the experts in the international conferences is the issue of overpopulation. The medical society has offered some effective methods to solve this problem that one method is the sterilizing of women. The most common psychosexual disorders among sterilized women are post-sterilization regret, Loss of libido and fear of feminine. With respect to high risk pregnancy after reversal of tubal ligation as well as inconsistent results of post-sterilization sexual changes, this study designed to investigate post-operation regret rate and sexual changes.Materials & Methods: The study design was descriptive in which 300 sterilized women during 1-5 years ago were selected through cluster randomly sampling. Sterilized women anonymously completed questions about demographic characteristics, post-sterilization regret and sexual changes. Data were collected from the subjects and analyzed by spss11.5 statistics soft ware.Results: Post-sterilization regret reported by 6% of sterilized women which had relation with women's conflict with their husbands concerning decision making before sterilization. Over 75% of 150 study women reported no consistent change in sexual aspects. Among women with consistent change, Negative effects were reported 2 and 5 times more often than positive effects.Conclusion: The results of this research as well as personality and adaptability differences facing the changes revealed that pre-sterilization counseling and post-sterilization follow up system have an important role in women's psychosexual health promotion.