Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of effective school-based self-control skill training on increasing psychological hardiness and self-efficacy of male students of the first secondary level.Method: This research is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included male students of the first secondary school in Qom city, 30 students were selected using the available sampling method and divided into two groups of 15 people completely randomly. Students in the experimental group participated in 8 sessions of the school-based self-control training program, and the control group did not receive training. Before and after the implementation of the intervention, both groups were evaluated using the psychological hardiness scale of Lang and Goulet (2003) and the self-efficacy scale of children and adolescents (SEQ-C). The data was analyzed using spss-22 software and through repeated measures analysis of variance test.Findings: The results showed that school-based self-control skill training has a significant effect on increasing students' psychological hardiness and self-efficacy (P<0.01). Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that school-based self-control skill training can be an effective intervention in increasing psychological hardiness and self-efficacy in students.

Language skills, which in the terminology of teaching languages are called the main, basic and classic skills, are categorized as the four following skills: Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing. Other skills like Visual skill, (Inter)cultural competence, Critical Thought, Translation and Bilingualism as the Fifth Skill have newly been discussed in the field of teaching languages. Mentioning these skills based on their initial sources can explain that the four classic skills are not so sufficient for learning languages. The fifth skill although not a substitute for the classic skills, is a necessity in order to command a Language. In the present article, besides a terminological analysis of this skill from different points of view, the cultural dimension of the Fifth Skill and the necessity and importance of it in the physical and virtual platform are discussed.

2Natural hazards such as floods have a devastating impact on rural areas, particularly affecting farmers. This research aimed to analyze the knowledge and skill levels of agricultural communities in Karaj Township regarding flood risk management. The research employed a descriptive-correlational strategy. Data were collected using a questionnaire developed by researchers, with validity confirmed by academic staff from the University of Zanjan and Tarbiat Modares University. The Cronbach's alpha test (coefficient of 0.91) confirmed the reliability of the measurement. The statistical population of the research included 1,188 farmers in Karaj Township affected by floods from 2018 to 2023. The statistical population of the research comprised farmers in Karaj Township affected by floods from 2018 to 2023, totaling 1,188 farmers. The Cochran formula determined a sample size of 112 farmers. Data from the questionnaire were analyzed and reviewed using the weighted score and the priority level of each item was identified. The results indicated that the technical knowledge of 82.1% of the study subjects in flood management was at an average level or lower, and the skills of 72.3% of them in flood management were also at an average level or lower. Moreover, the correlation test indicated a significantly positive relationship between farmers' flood management knowledge and their level of education, the number of support loans received, the amount of compensation from agricultural insurance, communication with farmers in their village and neighboring villages, participation in flood management extension-training courses, and the use of mass and electronic extension media in flood management. Their knowledge was also negatively associated with their age. Furthermore, farmers' flood management skills were directly and significantly related to agricultural income, annual income, support loans received, compensation from agricultural insurance, level of education, and household size. However, these skills were negatively associated with age. It is recommended to create job security, improve farmers’ social status, encourage their children to study agricultural fields and provide a platform for educated individuals to enter the agricultural sector.

The aim of this research is studying the effect of model skill level on acquisition, learning and transferring of motor skill with an emphasis on the similarity or non-similarity of pattern. Therefore 40 boys and 40 girls in a range of 9 to 11 years old were selected and according to the results of pre-test have been arranged in 8 groups (1: a pervasive pattern of boys with boy master, 2: inclusive male with beginner male pattern, 3: inclusive of skilled male with skilled female pattern, 4: male pervasive with beginner female pattern, 5: female pervasive with skilled male pattern, 6: female pervasive with beginner male pattern, 7: female pervasive with skilled female pattern, 8: female pervasive with beginner female pattern) and they were tested by free throw basketball. The results showed that the effects of the gender pattern in the acquisition, learning and transferring are not seen. The beneficial effects of model skill level are seen in all results; however, the effect of gender pattern was not seen- but the inclusive model for advanced learning (in both genders) gives the best results.

Introduction: Unsuccessful tracheal intubation is considered the most common cause of anesthesia death or brain damage. This study delineates our experience recommending modifications in the cricothyroidotomy technique.Methods: Thirty emergency medicine residents of participated in a study performed on the human simulator moulage in Skill Laboratory of Tabriz University of Medical Science. The cricothyroid membrane was punctured using a 16-gauge cannula. Later, J guide wire was advanced into trachea and standard 16-gauge intravenous cannula with a removable needle stylet withdrawn after the puncture being dilated by a dilator. Consequently, a cuffed tracheal tube (ID=6) was introduced from the foramen.Results: From 30 residents, 18 residents performed cricothyroidotomy within 1 minute, 7 residents in 2 minutes and 5 residents failed to fulfill the procedure.Conclusion: Several studies using cadavers and human simulators have demonstrated the pre-hospital feasibility of this technique. However, descriptions of clinical pre-hospital experience with percutaneous cricothyroidotomy are limited. This study shows that skill lab may help residents to acquire techniques required in management of difficult airway.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of level model skill on the acquisition, retention and transfer of learning valley badminton service in female students in University of Tehran. 130 female students were randomly selected and randomly assigned to 3 groups. The first group practiced in a learning model condition, the second group perfom1ed the task in a skill model condition, and the third group served as the control group. The experimental groups participated in 6 consecutive days of acquisition and 72 hours later, performed the retention and transfer tasks.Statistical analysis was performed using dependent t - test, one - way analysis of variance by SPSS: PC to test the performance of the groups in acquisition, retention, and transfer tasks. The results of analysis showed that the level of model skill had a significant effect on the groups during the retention (P<0.05) but not during the acquisition and transfer of badminton valley service.