Background: Leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasitic disease and a global health problem. The aim of this study is to diagnose the parasitic infection in humans for epidemiological identification and providing control programs using proprietary co-designed primers in three species of Leishmania.Materials and Methods: 30 common Leishmania isolates were gathered from different centers in Iran. Having been cultured in RPMI-1640 Medium, DNA was extracted and the gene ITS2-rRNA was amplified by PCR. The amplicons were examined by electrophoresis on agarose gel 2%. Also, in flash PCR method, a specific probe and florence colour were used to investigae the amplicon existence on sample.Results: The results of the investigations by PCR and flash PCR methods show that these methods are sensitive and specific for diagnosis of Leishmania.Conclusion: In this study, identification of Leishmania parasite using specific primer pairs was successful and TaqMan could be one of the most sensitive diagnostic methods to identify parasite load for the ITS2 region of Leishmania.

Background and Aim: Ziehl Nelson staining, fluorescent and also culture are the standard methods for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. In this study, the performance of conventional cultivation methods was compared with flash PCR. Materials and Methods: A total of 56 sputum samples from patients with suspected tuberculosis in Tuberculosis Center of Arak city were collected and Ziehl– Neelsen and culture in Lö wenstein– Jensen medium were accomplished. Moreover, DNA from all of the 56 sputum samples was extracted by Chelex100 method. Molecular evaluation was accomplished by flash PCR kit containing probes and primers for gene amplification IS6110. Positive and negative controls together with samples were used in a MTC410 apparatus for amplification. FD-12 apparatus was used to evaluate the results. In addition, electrophoresis on agarose was used for confirmation of the results. Findings: From 56 sputum samples of suspected TB patients, 20 samples were positive and 36 samples were negative on microscopic evaluation and culture methods. flash-PCR molecular analysis showed that all of 20 positive samples were positive in molecular methods, too. On the other hand, three of sputum samples that were negative by culture and staining were positive in flash-PCR method. One of these 3 patients, received Isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol antibiotic by responsible medicine. All results were confirmed using conventional electrophoresis. Conclusion: In some negative samples, possibly because of the small number of bacteria in sample or a defect in the sampling, the flash PCR may due good advantages. Therefore, due to the low cost, this method is recommended for routine use.

This paper presents a high-speed, low-power and low area encoder for implementation of flash ADCs. Key technique for design of this encoder is performed by convert the conventional 1-of-N thermometer code to 2-of-M codes (M = ¾ N). The proposed encoder is composed from two-stage; in the first stage, thermometer code are converted to 2-of-M codes by used 2-input AND and 4-input compound AND-OR gates. In the second stage by two ROM encoders, 2-of-M codes determine n-1 MSB bits and one LSB bit. The advantages of the proposed encoder rather than other similar works are high speed, low power consumption, low active area, and low latency with same bubble error removing capability. To demonstrate the mention specifications, 5-bit flash ADCs with conventional and proposed encoders in their encoder blocks, are simulated at 2-GS/s and 3. 5-GS/s sampling rates in 0. 18-μ m CMOS process. Simulation results show that the ENOB of flash ADCs with conventional and proposed encoders are equal. In this case, the proposed encoder outputs are determined almost 30-ps faster rather than the conventional encoder at 2-GS/s. Also, the power consumptions of the conventional and proposed encoders were 17. 94-mW and 11. 74-mW at 3. 5-GS/s sampling rate from a 1. 8-V supply, respectively. Corresponding, latencies of the conventional and proposed encoders were 3 and 2 clock cycles. In this case, number of TSPC D-FFs and logic gates of the proposed encoder is decreased almost 39% compared to the conventional encoder.

Although many studies have been carried out about dam break, this phenomenon still is one of the most important issues in the field of hydraulic engineering due to its hazards to human societies. Predicting the critical conditions including coincidence of flooding and dam break indicates more field studies requirement. In this research the mutual effects of coincidence of negative surge due to dam break and flash flood has been studied using under different stored water levels. In addition, the effects of bed slope, existence of reservoir sediment and different initial reservoir depth have also been studied. Due to unsteady condition of flow, the stereoscopy method was employed to measure the hydraulic parameters such as depth. Using two digital cameras, results showed that by increasing the initial depth in dam's reservoir and channel slope, the reservoir would evacuate faster. Furthermore, sediments in which act like step in the flow direction can cause an increase in speed of the positive surge toward downstream. In addition by increasing the maximum of flow rate and base time of hydrographs, water rise in downstream was monitored as well.