Background and Aim: Oral habits have hazardous effects on children's speech which are sometimes irreversible and permanent. This study was planned to assess these oral habits among children in daycare centers of Tehran, Iran.Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 400 children were selected through multistage sampling from 16 day-care centers in Tehran, Iran, They were 24 to 72-month old. Bottle feeding, pacifier usage and digit sucking were determined. After interviewing parents, oral examination [using Paediatric oral skills package (POSO)] and doing standard Phonetic test, a questionnaire was completed for each child.Results: Sixty eight had one oral habit. The most prevalent habit was digit sucking (52.9%). The prevalence of bottle feeding, both digit sucking with bottle feeding, and pacifier habit were 38.2%, 7.3% and 1.4%, respectively. There were significant relationship between digit sucking and malocclusion (p<0.001, r=0.4) and hard palate malformation and (p<0.001, r=0.39). Besides, a significant relationship between bottle feeding and malocclusion (p<0.001, r=0.25) was conduted. Digit sucking had significant relationship with lisping, too (p<0.001, r=0.37). There was no gender priority in oral habits.Conclusion: Oral habits cause permanent structural conversion in speech producing and oral status.

Introduction: Articulation disorders due to the problems that create in communication with others, is a great obstacle in individual’s development and may cause difficulties. Generally, 5% of school age children have articulation disorders and should be referred to the speech therapy clinics. In this research, prevalence of articulation disorders was studied in Semnan primary school children to evaluate the range of problem. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study done among the primary school, 5 boy schools and five girl schools with 3013 pupils, were examined by speech therapists. Among them, those with articulation disorders were separated and the supplementary evaluations were performed on them in clinics. To analyze the data, Ratio test, Chi-square and correlation coefficient were used.Results: Findings showed that 8.7% (95% CI: 7.7-9.7%) of the cases, suffering the articulation disorders; 8% of them having lisp, chiefly, in [s] and [z] sounds. Meanwhile, articulation disorders in males were higher than in females significantly (P=0.002). Also there did not exist any significant relation between the kind of articulation disorder and age (P=0.55), between the severity of articulation disorder and gender (P=0.397), and also between the articulation disorder and age.Conclusion: Considering the high rate of lisp in the elementary school children, it is suggested that the parents and school officials should pay the special attention to these problems and try to refer them to the speech therapy clinics.

The Arab tribes inhabited throughout the Arabian Peninsula and had a sedentary life. Some of them were sedentary tribes while others were nomadic tribes seeking for water and food in the desert. Undoubtedly, the nomadic tribes who lived in the desert had their own way of pronouncing words, which were different from the way of sedentary tribes and had a great effect on the variety of Arabic accents and the characteristics of each one. Some pronunciations were included in the elements of the language of the tribe and in the lexical domain of the Holy Qur'an, and in a region the pronunciation of a word was with a letter which was other than the letter used in another region. In the framework of historical linguistics and in order to determine the role of culture and region in the phonemes of the Arabic language the goal of this study is to scrutinize the phonetic changes of Arabic language in the context of the Holy Qur'an according to Ibdā l which is a phonological process. Research methodology is descriptive. First, we peruse the Arab motives to pronounce a letter in a different way. Then by assessing the human geography and Arabic language Tajweed, we try to find the origin of the phenomenon of Ibdā l, and thereafter, examine the phonetic system of Arabic language vowels that have same place of pronunciation or common characteristics. Then, we will study the phenomenon with regard to the former and latter letter. By giving examples of Ibdā l, we will understand the role and contribution of the tribes in such processes.

In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for VANET using cloud computing. We accomplish processing, routing and traffic control in a centralized and parallel way by adding one or more server to the network. Each car or node is considered a Client, in such a manner that routing, traffic control, getting information from client and data processing and storing are performed by one or more server in different bases. The procedure is about each client that receives its situation by GPS system and sends it online to the concerned server via GPRS networks. In order to perform routing and displaying data, each client sends a request to server. All processes and operations will be executable by the software which is inside the server. Finally, we propose an algorithm to work in server and make decision on route selection on the basis of three priorities of traffic, safety and shortest route. This algorithm is represented for the first time. The results indicate that by using this method VANET network is improved. By using this algorithm, we can communicate generally, not regionally, and improvement of processing and accurate statistics is achieved. In fact, the processing in the server is Fuzzy. It means that these priorities are Fuzzy.

Operation research and system architecture/architecting are two fields to tackle complexity. Both of them are widely used in various discipline. However, architecture/architecting is most dominant than OR to tackle complex problems. Survey on system architecture/architecting literature, show the lack of process of creating architecture. In this paper we want to compare fundamental philosophy of both in methodology level to show usefulness of Operation research approaches to create theory for system architecting/architecture. According to this, using categorical logic, different Operation research approaches-Hard Operation research, soft Operation research and critical Operation research-except Postmodern Operation research can be useful tools to system architecture/architecting. So in first step categorical propositions of system architecture/architecting and Operation research paradigms was extracted and then based on categorical logic they were compared. In addition, LISP programming language was used to standardize the writing. Finally, a summary of the results was presented in the form of a conceptual hierarchies of architecting and Operation research adapted from the conceptual hierarchies introduced by Paul Thagard. This conceptual hierarchies is representation of the relation between Operation research approaches and system architecting.