INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODERN RESEARCH IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURAL, AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT | Year:2016 | دوره:3 |Papers Count:17

NOWADAYS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS FACE VARIOUS PROBLEMS IN OPERATIONS AND FINAL PHASES OF PROJECTS SINCE PROJECT'S STAFF (CONTRACTORS, CONSULTING COMPANIES AND CLIENTS) ARE NOT COMPLETELY AWARE OF RULES, CONDITIONS AND CONTENTS OF CONTRACTS OR THERE IS NOT ENOUGH COORDINATION BETWEEN PLANS AND PERFORMANCE. HAVING A CERTAIN SOLUTION IS COMPLEX AND SOMETIMES IMPOSSIBLE AND CONTRACTOR USUALLY DOESN'T ACQUIRE SOME OF ITS WORKING PRICE OR CLIENT PAY MORE THAN DETERMINED RESULTS IN TERM OF QUANTITY OR QUALITY, IN OTHER CASES THE OPERATIONS OF PROJECT REMAIN UNFINISHED. INVESTIGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CLAIMS FROM CONTRACTORS AND CLIENT'S VIEWPOINT ARE DIFFERENT AND WE CAN'T DEFINE A CERTAIN ALGORITHM FOR IT. FOR PROPER CLAIM MANAGEMENT, FIRSTLY WE SHOULD IDENTIFY THE CLASSIFICATION OF CLAIMS AND APPLY A PROPER PROCEDURE FOR DOCUMENTATION AND NEGOTIATION IN PROVING AND CONFIRMATION OF CLAIMS WITH OTHER STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PROJECT. IN THIS ARTICLE WE DISCUSS THE CONSTRUCTION CLAIM MANAGEMENT MODEL, THEN CLASSIFY ENGINEERING CLAIMS AND EXPLAIN THE CAUSES FOR THEIR FORMATION.

THERE ARE SEVERAL RESTORATION METHODS FOR BRICK BUILDING SUCH AS EMBEDDING FRP HANK AND ETC. BUT USING OF THOSE HAVE BEEN LIMITED FOR RESTORATION OF HISTORICAL BUILDING BECAUSE RESTORATION MUST CAUSE MINIMUM CHANGE IN APPEARANCE. WE COULD RETROFIT BRICK BUILDING USING EXPANDABLE GROUT WITH PRE-STRESSED TECHNIQUE BUT BEHAVIORS OF THESE MORTARS USUALLY HAVE BEEN UNKNOWN FOR EXPERTS. MOST OF THESE CONSTRUCTIONS WERE USED IN DOMES IN IRAN AND NUMEROUS DOMES IN HISTORICAL BUILDING INDICATE ESSENTIALITY OF THIS RESEARCH. IN THIS RESEARCH MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPANDABLE GROUT HAVE BEEN DETERMINATE BY EXPERIMENTS AND THEN DOME OF QAZVIN MOSQUE WAS MODELED USING ABAQUS SOFTWARE AS MAJOR AND MINOR MODELING COMBINATION. RESULTS SHOW THAT DEPENDING ON LITTLE EFFECT OF THESE MORTAR ON DOME FORM, OBTAINED UNIFORM PRE-STRESSING LEAD TO TENSILE AND DEFORMATION REDUCTION AND FINALLY CRACK DECREASING THAT THIS COULD BE EFFECTIVE THROUGH THE EARTHQUAKE.

BACKGROUND: SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE THAT IS ACTUALLY A SUBSET OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PERHAPS IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CONTEMPORARY FLOWS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT THAT IS A LOGICAL REACTION TO THE PROBLEMS OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE. ACCORDINGLY, THE ISSUES RAISED IN THIS PAPER IS BASED ON THE CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. DUE TO LACK OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, CLIMATE CHANGE AND AIR POLLUTIONS IN CITIES AND URBANIZATION, A SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE SHOULD BE CREATED BY USING THE 3 WAYS (REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE). BECAUSE OF THE HIGH CONSUMPTION OF RESOURCES AND ENERGY AND THE PRODUCTION OF HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CRISES OF TREATMENT, HOSPITALS ARE THE FIRST PRIORITY TO CONVERT THEM TO SUSTAINABLE HOSPITALS. APPLICATION OF GREEN PRINCIPLES, REDUCTION OF WASTE PRODUCTION AND RECYCLING, REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION, REUSE OF RESOURCES AND MAXIMIZE PATIENT INTERACTION WITH NATURE ARE THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE GREEN ARCHITECTURE. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE, ANALYZE AND PROVIDE GENERAL PRINCIPLES ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND ITS BASES IN HEALTHCARE BUILDINGS .FINALLY, SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES ON GREEN HOSPITAL PARAMETERS IS DESCRIBED.METHODS: A DESCRIPTIVE-ANALYTIC METHOD OF RESEARCH WAS USED IN THIS STUDY. THE LIBRARIAN METHOD WAS APPLIED FOR DATA COLLECTION AND FIELD SURVEY METHOD BY NOTE-TAKING. QUESTIONS WERE ASKED REGARDING PARAMETERS OF A GREEN HOSPITAL, AND SEVERAL VARIABLES WERE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION. FACTORS IMPACTING SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE WERE ALSO ANALYZED.RESULTS: SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE IS AN APPROACH TO A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT, THEREFORE ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS ALL NEED TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION BEFORE ESTABLISHING A GREEN HOSPITAL, AND IT CAN BE APPLIED IN 3 MAIN STAGES: CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND DESTRUCTION.CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOWED THAT INADEQUATE ATTENTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STRATEGIES, LACK OF ADEQUATE TRAINING IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENT, IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTES AND INADEQUATE ALLOCATION OF FUNDS FOR WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AND AIR EMISSIONS ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT OBSTACLES TO ACHIEVING GREEN HOSPITAL.

THE INCREASING DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES, AND THE NEED TO SUPPLY MORE ENERGY, AS WELL AS CONSIDERING RESTRICTED RESOURCES IN THE AREA OF FOSSIL FUELS HAVE MADE THE CREATION OF SPACES WITH HIGHEST ENERGY OUTPUT ESSENTIAL MORE THAN EVER. ARCHITECTURE AS A COMPLEX AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL ISSUE SHOULD BE ABLE TO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY AND POSSIBILITY OF PROCESSING VARIED INFORMATION, AND PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE HAS PROVIDED THE APPROPRIATE BASIS OF DATA ASSESSMENT IN DESIGN AREA. IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS IMPACTING ON NEW STRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY IN DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE PROCESS NOT ONLY CAUSES THE RECOGNITION OF NEW DIGITAL STRUCTURE METHODS, BUT CAN ALSO PAVE THE WAY FOR THE DEPLOYMENT OF NEW STRUCTURE TECHNIQUES IN THE ARCHITECTURE ARENA. THUS, THE PRODUCTION PROCESS IS AT ARCHITECT’S CONTROL AND AUTHORIZATION IN A WAY THAT HE/SHE CAN IMPLEMENT ALL PARAMETERS IMPACTING ON DESIGNING AND FORMATION OF SPACE ON THE ALGORITHM AND PRODUCE VARIOUS OPTIONS, AND FINALLY CHOOSES DESIRED OPTION. IN THIS RESPECT, PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE BY APPLYING ALGORITHMIC PATH, CODES, PLANS, AND SOFTWARE CALCULATION CAN RESPOND TO NUMEROUS ENVIRONMENTAL, HISTORICAL, CLIMATIC, STRUCTURAL, CULTURAL, AND ETC. PARAMETERS. THE GOAL OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE (ALGORITHMIC) DESIGN ON DESIGN SYSTEMS AS A PRODUCTION TOOL IN DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE DESIGN AND INTRODUCING ALGORITHMIC METHOD AS AN EFFICIENT TOOL TO REALIZE NEW IDEAS AND CREATING CREATIVE, WHILE OPTIMAL DESIGN. ALGORITHMIC ARCHITECTURE IS ALSO INTRODUCED AS A METHOD FOR LINKING ARCHITECTURE WITH OTHER SCIENCES, AND EVEN FOR CONNECTING TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE WITH NOWADAYS ARCHITECTURE. FINALLY, IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE GOALS, BY COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND DIGITAL GEOMETRY WE ACCESS AN APPROPRIATE FORM IN ARCHITECTURE WITH HIGHEST ENERGY OUTPUT. THE METHOD UNDER STUDY IN THIS RESEARCH WITH REGARD TO THE TOPIC IS LIBRARY AND DESCRIPTIVE.

KNOWLEDGE LEADS HUMAN BEING TO BE CONDITIONALI ZED. NOW THE FEAR OF BEING DEVOID OF KNOWLEDGE PULLS STRONGLY MODERN MAN TOWARDS IT. ALSO, SPIRITUAL NEEDS ARE SENSED TO DOMINATE THIS CONDITIONING, UNTIL FINALLY, SPIRITUAL PEACE AND BALANCE IN HUMAN LIFE BE FULFILLED. SINCE COMMUNITY MEANS THE RELATION OF MAN WITH MAN, IT WILL BE FULL OF CONTRADICTIONS BY A MAN WHO IS AT ODDS WITH HIMSELF. THUS, THE SPIRITUAL EVOLUTION OF THE MAN BESIDE HIS GROWTH IN MATERIAL ASPECTS CREATES A SENSE OF INNER SATISFACTION IN HIM WHICH IS THE SOURCE OF CONSTRUCTIVE INTERACTIONS IN THE COMMUNITY. TODAY'S WORLD IN WHICH SPECIALIZED TRAINING IS TAUGHT AT THE LEVEL OF THE UNIVERSITY REQUIRES THE INCREASE OF EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF ITS TEACHERS AND SERVICES, BUT A BIG GAP IS SENSED IN IT. THIS STUDY HAVE BEEN DONE THROUGH LIBRARY SOURCES, ANALYSIS AND OBSERVATION. ACCORDING TO THIS RESEARCH CENTERS WITH THE AIM OF THOUGHTS’ UPBRINGING, SELF KNOWLEDGE AND SPIRITUAL SUBLIMATION MAY BE VERY CONSTRUCTIVE; THEY ARE VERY NECESSARY FOR ALL COMMUNITIES. THOUGH IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PRESCRIBE A GENERAL MANNER FOR ALL PEOPLE, IN TERMS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS, BUT IT IS POSSIBLE TO FIND A WAY TO UNIFY THIS DIVERSITY UNDER A GENERAL CATEGORY. IN A MYSTICAL ARCHITECTURAL SPACE WHICH IS FAR FROM BELONGING TO A RELIGION, COLOR, NATIONALITY, TENDENCY TO PARTICULAR CASE. IT CAN BE REALIZED IN THE FORM OF MOST COMMON METHODS WHICH HAVE BEEN FOUND TO RESPOND MAN’S NEED OF SPIRITUALITY. IN THIS CONTEXT, HE CAN SEE AND KNOW HIMSELF BOTH IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC AND INTEGRATE HIS INTERNAL EXTERNAL CONFLICTS SO THAT HE CAN ACHIEVE PEACE IN LIFE.

COMMON MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS ENCOUNTERED DURING CHILDHOOD YEARS. THERE IS AN IMPORTANT EVIDENCE THAT INVESTMENT IN PROMOTING THE MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF PARENTS AND CHILDREN NOTABLY IN THE PRESCHOOL YEARS, CAN AVOID HEALTH AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS LATER IN LIFE. REACHING OUT TO A BETTER HEALTH AND WELL-BEING FOR ALL REQUIRES A SUSTAINED AND SYSTEMATIC EFFORT. THE CORRELATION AMONG SCHOOL’S ENVIRONMENT DESIGN AND CHILDREN’S MENTAL WELL-BEING HAS RARELY BEEN ADDRESSED FROM A SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURAL POINT OF VIEW, WHILE IT IS BELIEVED THAT WELL-DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS OF SCHOOL CAN IMPROVE LEARNING, CREATIVITY AND OTHER MENTAL WELL-BEING OUTCOMES. ONE OF THE SCHOOL SUSTAINABLE DESIGN CAN BE A GREEN ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATIONS. SCHOOL GROUNDS CAN PROVIDE IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION AS A POTENTIAL SETTING FOR INTERVENTION FOR CHILDREN'S HEALTH DISORDERS. THIS PAPER EXPLORES HOW NATURAL OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT OF SCHOOL, WHICH CONTAIN A GREATER DIVERSITY OF LANDSCAPING AND DESIGN FEATURES, INFLUENCE THE QUALITY OF MENTAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN. IN OTHER WORDS, THIS PAPER ARGUES WHETHER PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN’S MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING PROMOTION IN FUTURE IS CORRELATED WITH THE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OF ENVIRONMENT AT SCHOOLS. THE DEPARTMENT FOR CHILDREN, SCHOOLS, AND FAMILIES IN UK RECOMMENDS THAT: »BY 2020 ALL SCHOOLS MANAGE AND, WHERE POSSIBLE, DESIGN THEIR BUILDINGS IN WAYS THAT VISIBLY DEMONSTRATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TO EVERYONE WHO USES THE SCHOOL« (DEPARTMENT FOR CHILDREN, 2008). SO THIS APPROACH CAN HAVE A TRANSMISSION ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES FOR CHILDREN. FINDINGS SHOW THAT SUSTAINABLY DESIGNED SCHOOLS CAN HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE EMERGENCE OF WELL-BEING OUTCOMES OF CHILDREN.

THE PURPOSE OF STUDY IS TO ASSESSMENT OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZERO ENERGY WITH ARCHITECTURE ESPECIALLY WITH SUSTAINABLE APPROACH. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN THIS RESEARCH WITH REGARD TO THE TOPIC OF DISCUSSION IS DESCRIPTIVE AND AREA STUDY. WITH INCREASING IN USE OF NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE ON WORLD, IT CAN BE FELT THAT IN THE CLOSE TIME WE WILL ENCOUNTER WITH A DISASTER IN WHICH INFLUENCE OUR LIFE RAPIDLY. ONE OF THE FIELD RELATED TO ENERGY IS ARCHITECTURE THAT CAN HANDLE CONSUMPTION OF RESOURCE IN ALL PHASE OF BUILDING (PRE-BUILDING PHASE: MANUFACTURE, BUILDING PHASE: USE, POST-BUILDING PHASE: DISPOSAL). NEVERTHELESS, BUILDING PHASE IS THE MOST USE OF ENERGY IN BUILDING DUE TO TAKE A LOT OF TIME. THE CONCEPT OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING (ZEB) HAS GAINED WIDE INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION DURING LAST FEW YEARS AND IS NOW SEEN AS THE FUTURE TARGET FOR THE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS. IN ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS WITH INTELLIGENT USE OF RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES, THE BALANCE BETWEEN PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY IS ESTABLISHED. A ZERO ENERGY BUILDING IS A BUILDING WITH GREATLY REDUCED ENERGY NEEDS THROUGH EFFICIENCY GAINS SUCH THAT THE BALANCE OF ENERGY NEEDS CAN BE SUPPLIED WITH RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES. THE RESULT THAT COMES FROM THIS INVESTIGATION OFFER THAT ANY BUILDING WITH ZERO ENERGY SYSTEM OBTAIN YOUR ENERGY FROM NON-RENEWABLE SOURCE ALSO EMPHASIZE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION, THEREFORE, WE WILL BE CAPABLE TO REACH SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE.

IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE, SHRINES AND RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS POSSESS A PRIVILEGED POSITION AFTER MOSQUES. IRANIANS HAVE LONG BEEN FAMILIAR WITH THE PRINCIPALS OF CONSTRUCTING TOMBS AND RESPECTED THEIR NOBLES AND DIGNIFIED PEOPLE AT ALL TIMES; THUS, THEY CONSTRUCTED TOMBS AND MAUSOLEUMS IN ORDER TO IMMORTALIZE NAMES OF THEIR NOBLES AND DIGNIFIED PEOPLE. TOMBS REPRESENT SOME ASPECTS OF CIVILIZATION AND EVEN THE CULTURE OF ANCIENT COUNTRY OF IRAN AS WELL. THE ARCHITECTURAL PEAK OF MONUMENTS IN IRAN, BEGAN FROM THE SELJUK PERIOD. SINCE, IN THIS ERA ARCHITECTS CREATED TOMBS, IN VARIOUS WAYS AND IN VARIOUS DESIGNS MOSTLY BASED ON THEIR PAST EXPERIENCES WHICH WAS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS ARCHITECTURAL STYLES AND METHODS. THE CURRENT STUDY INVESTIGATES, HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE TOMBS OF SEGONBAD1, LOCATED IN THE CENTER OF WEST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE, I.E. URMIA. AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE STRUCTURE, THERE EXIST THREE EMBEDDED KUFIC INSCRIPTIONS CARVED FROM STONE. AT THE ENDING LINES OF THE INSCRIPTION, A CARVED DATE AS “MUHARRAM OF 580 AH” EXPLICITLY REPRESENTS THAT THE BRICK TOWER OR THE TOMBS DATE BACK TO THE SIXTH CENTURY. ACCORDING TO THE INSCRIPTION, THE BUILDING IS CONSTRUCTED BY THE ORDER OF, “SHISHQAT ALMOZAFARI” AN EMIR (RULER) OF THE SELJUK AND ITS ARCHITECT HAD BEEN A MAN NAMED “MANSOUR BIN MOUSSA”. FROM THE ARCHITECTURAL POINTS OF VIEW, THE PRESENT STRUCTURE HAS A VERY KEEN SIMILARITY WITH THE TOMBS OF THE 6TH CENTURY - ESPECIALLY TOMBS IN MARAGHEH AND OTHER TOMBS BELONGING THE SELJUK PERIOD. THE MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC OF THIS STRUCTURE IS THAT, THERE ARE TWO DECORATIVE FORM IN THE NORTHERN SIDE, CONTAINS MUQARNAS2, GIRIH TILING3 AND KUFI CORNICES REPRESENTING THE NAME OF SPONSOR AND CONSTRUCTOR. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY SUGGEST THAT FOUNDATION OF THE TOMB WAS MADE WITH STONES, MORTAR, SAND, AND LIME; BESIDES, THE MATERIAL USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BUILDING INCLUDES BRICKS AND STONES. THE NEXT IMPORTANT CASE ABOUT THE CURRENT CONSTRUCTION IS, ITS INTERIOR PLAN AND THE GRAVE ROOM MADE IN SQUARE SHAPE WHICH EPITOMIZES THE ABILITY AND SKILL OF ITS ARCHITECT IN EMBEDDING A SQUARE ROOM INSIDE A CYLINDRICAL TOWER.

BEARING WALL STRUCTURES (KNOWN AS TUNNEL FORMS), ARE USED IN EARTHQUAKE-PRONE AREAS BECAUSE OF THEIR ACCEPTABLE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE AND HIGH CONSTRUCTION SPEED. IT SHOULD BE MENTIONED THAT SEISMIC CODES DID NOT SPECIFICALLY FOCUS ON THESE TYPES OF STRUCTURES. AS A RESULT, TUNNEL FORM BUILDINGS ARE DESIGNED SIMILAR TO STRUCTURES INCLUDING SHEAR WALLS DUE TO RELEVANT CODES. IN THIS STUDY, THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF HIGH-RISE TUNNEL FORM BUILDINGS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED. FOR THIS PURPOSE, THREE STRUCTURES OF 15, 20 AND 25-STORY WITH THIS SEISMIC SYSTEM HAVE BEEN MODELLED AND EXAMINED USING FIBER ELEMENTS AND NONLINEAR STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ARE CONDUCTED ON THESE STRUCTURES. THE FOCUS OF THIS STUDY IS ON THE DUCTILITY OF THE STRUCTURES. THE IMPACT OF AXIAL FORCE ON THE DUCTILITY RATIO IS INVESTIGATED AND THE DUCTILITY DEMAND IS CALCULATED FOR ASSUMED STRUCTURES.

HUMAN FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE CREATION GET INSPIRED FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR AROUND NATURE AND PUT IT ON CREATIVITY AND DESIGN. BUT OVER TIME AND THE IMPROPER USE OF NATURE AND ITS RESOURCES, WAS FACED WITH MANY PROBLEMS. PROBLEMS SUCH AS AIR POLLUTION THAT GRIPPED THE MAJOR CITIES OF THE WORLD AND INVOLVED SERIOUS THREATS TO HUMAN LIFE. THESE PROBLEMS HAVE PROMPTED PEOPLE TO LIVE IN HARMONY WITH NATURE, HENCE WAS RAISED THE BIONICS SCIENCE THAT WAS IN SYNC WITH NATURE AND GET INSPIRED BY IT. DUE TO THE ENERGY CRISIS AND NATURAL RESOURCES, ARCHITECTS HAVE BEEN WORKING WITH A NEW ATTITUDE IN BIONIC ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL SOLUTION TO GET OUT OF THIS CRISIS AND PRESERVE THEIR ENERGY AND FOOD IN THEIR FUTURE WORLD SO THAT, WITH THE COMBINATION BETWEEN NATURE AND TECHNOLOGY A STEP TOWARD ENERGY SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND FOOD IN THEIR FUTURE WORLD. FAMILIARIZE WITH THE HISTORY OF BIONIC SCIENCE, BASIC DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE PERMIT A FIRST STEP TO TAKING ADVANTAGE OF IT IN A VARIETY OF FIELDS INCLUDING ARCHITECTURE. THE AIM OF THIS RESEARCH WAS RECOGNITION OF CONCEPT OF BIONIC ARCHITECTURAL AND DETERMINE ITS PLACE IN ARCHITECTURE, IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE A TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE THAT SYNC WITH NATURE WITH A ITS APPLICATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GREEN ARCHITECTURE TO CREATE AN OPTIMAL PLAN AND ANSWER TO THE EXISTING PROBLEMS IN THE BEST POSSIBLE WAY. THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY WAS THROUGH ANALYSIS VIA THE SURVEY THE BIONIC ARCHITECTURE AND FOR DATA COLLECTION WAS USED THE LIBRARY STUDIES.

THIS RESEARCH WITH BRIEF REVIEW ENGAGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT DEFINITION, ENVIRONMENT PSYCHOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT AFFORDANCE, ENVIRONMENT AFFORDANCE FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF JAMES GIBSON AND FORMATIVE COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT AFFORDANCE. IN THIS RESEARCH, THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE RELATION BETWEEN HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND FRAMEWORK ENVIRONMENT IS SHOWED. THIS TEXT WITH THE BELIEF THAT BY ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENT AFFORDANCE CAN BE REACHED TO A COMPLETE AND APPLIED PERSPECTIVE ENGAGES IN THE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENT AFFORDANCE, AND AT LAST WILL STUDY THE COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT AFFORDANCE. AND WITH METHOD OF DESCRIPTIVE – ANALYTIC, BE ENGAGED IN THE TEXTS REVIEW AND CONTENT ANALYSIS. AT LAST ACCORDING TO THE FRAMEWORK OF THIS RESEARCH, ENVIRONMENT AFFORDANCE IS DIVIDED TO TWO, ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN PARTS THAT HUMAN CAPACITIES CONSIST OF THE ELEMENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND PHILANTHROPICAL ENVIRONMENT, ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT AND POWERS OF HUMAN AND PROPERTIES OF ENVIRONMENT. THAT WITH CONFORMITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT POTENTIALS AND REQUIREMENTS OF HUMAN CAN TAKE STEPS TOWARD BETTER DESIGNING.

SHEET PILING IS AN EARTH RETENTION AND EXCAVATION SUPPORT TECHNIQUE THAT RETAINS SOIL, USING STEEL SHEET SECTIONS WITH INTERLOCKING EDGES. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO PROVIDE AN ACCEPTABLE DESIGN METHOD AND THEORY FOR THE GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OR ANCHORED SHEETING PILE WALLS TO BE CONSTRUCTED ON ABUTMENT AND EMBANKMENT OF TUTI-BAHRI BRIDGE PROJECT. THE DESIGN PROCEDURES INCLUDED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE IN COMMON USE TODAY BY MOST ENGINEERS INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN OF SHEET PILE RETAINING STRUCTURES. THESE METHODS HAVE CONSISTENTLY PROVIDED SUCCESSFUL RETAINING STRUCTURES THAT HAVE PERFORMED WELL IN SERVICE. TWO METHODS, CLASSICAL DESIGN METHOD AND NUMERICAL METHOD WAS USED IN THIS STUDY. THE FORCES IN SHEET PILE AND ANCHOR CALCULATED BY USING THESE METHODS. THEN SAFETY FACTOR OBTAINED BY USING NUMERICAL MODELING. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THIS AREA IS STABLE BY USING SHEET PILE AND ANCHOR IN STATIC AND EARTHQUAKE CONDITIONS. THEN, THE PROPERTIES OF STEEL PILE AND STEEL ANCHOR SUGGESTED BY CONSIDERING THE CLASSICAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS.

THE PRESENT STUDY WAS PERFORMED WITH THE AIM OF EVALUATION OF SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF SIMPLE STEEL FRAMES WITH EXTERNAL BRACES AXIS WITH VISCOUS DAMPER. VISCOUS DAMPERS HAVE THE ABILITY TO ABSORB THE EARTHQUAKE'S ENERGY AND SUPPLY THE ENERGY FOR RESISTING THE MOVEMENT OF THE STRUCTURE. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE EVALUATE THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF FRAMES WITH EXTERNAL BRACES AXIS UNDER DYNAMIC LOAD IN TWO STATES. IN THE EARLY STATE A TWO-FLOOR FRAME WITH THE EXTERNAL BRACES AXIS (LACK OF VISCOUS DAMPER) IN ABAQUS SOFTWARE WAS ANALYZED. THE RESULTS WERE CONSIDERED AND COMPARED TO THE OUTCOMES OF MODELING IN ANOTHER FRAME WITH THE SAME DIMENSION AND WITH THE PRESENCE OF VISCOUS DAMPER. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT BY ADDING OF THE VISCOUS DAMPER TO THE STRUCTURE THE CHANGE OF TRANSFERRING RATE DURING THE TIME HAS REDUCED IN THE ALIGNMENT OF THE FIRST FLOOR. IN THE HYSTERESIS DIAGRAM OF THE STRUCTURE, THE FUNCTION OF THE DAMPER HAS BEEN VERY EFFECTIVE IN WASTING OF ENERGY IN SEISMIC ANALYZING, SO THAT IF THE INTERNAL AREA OF THE DIAGRAM INCREASED THEN IT ABSORBS MORE ENERGY FROM THE EARTHQUAKE FORCE. THE RATE OF ENERGY ABSORPTION CAUSES 70% DECREASED IN TRANSFERRING OF THE STRUCTURE IN THE DIRECTION OF EARTHQUAKE LATERAL FORCE. THE ENERGY ABSORPTION RATE BY THE DAMPER IS 70%.

SWITCHING THE LOCATION FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT SUCH AS RESIDENTIAL TOWNSHIPS SHOULD BE SO THAT BRING STABILITY OR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, THAT IS CAUSE TO REDUCE OF ADVERSE ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE HAZARDOUS ACTIVITIES, THEREFORE, IT IS VALUABLE APPROACH THE CONSIDERING EFFECTIVE THE CRITERIA USEING LOCATION OF SETTLEMENTS, ESPECIALLY THE EFFECTS ON ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL. THIS STUDY ANALYZES THE ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS POSITIONING SETTLEMENTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. THUS IS PAID TO ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT LOCATE THE TOWN ON AN APPLIED RESEARCH BY DETERMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT INDICATORS AND USING AHP METHOD. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT WATER POLLUTION AND NOISE POLLUTION ON THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT ARE HIGHEST AND LOWEST EFFECTS RESPECTIVELY.

THE ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK IS ONE OF THE BRANCHES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE THAT IS INSPIRED BY HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM. IN NEURAL NETWORKS, DATA PROCESSING IS DONE THROUGH AN INTERCONNECTED NETWORK OF LITTLE PROCESSORS THAT ACT IN PARALLEL WITH EACH OTHER. TO SOLVE RIGID CONNECTION DESIGN, IN WELDED METAL STRUCTURE BUILDING THAT HAS NUMEROUS STAGES, THESE NETWORKS WERE USED BECAUSE OF THEIR HIGH SPEED PROCESSING AND TO SHOW WHETHER OR NOT DESIGN SPEED IS AFFECTED BY PROCESSING SPEED. AFTER WRITING NETWORK USING MATLAB SOFTWARE AND INTRODUCING ALL OF DESIGN FORMULAS, INITIALLY, 80% OF DATA WAS USED FOR NETWORK TRAINING AND AFTER THE NETWORK GOT FAMILIAR WITH THE PATTERN, BY USING 20% REMAINING DATA, THE NETWORK WAS TESTED. FULL ANALYSIS OF DESIGN OF SOME OPTIONS, SUCH AS WELDING ELECTRODE MATERIAL AND WELD SIZE BASED ON TENTH SUBJECT OF NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS, SHOULD BE SELECTED IN DESIGNING, BUT SINCE THE CHOICE OF THESE VARIABLES IS DONE MAINLY THROUGH THE MAXIMUM 3 DIFFERENT TYPES, AND ALSO THEY ARE CONSTANT IN MUCH OF THE DESIGNS, SO IT WAS NOT USED IN THIS ARTICLE. ALL OF CONNECTIONS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED RIGID AND WEB-FLANGE CONNECTION SHOULD BE FULL PENETRATION DIFFUSION WELDING. THE THICKNESS OF REINFORCING FILLET WELDS ON EACH SIDE OF WEB WAS CONSIDERED THICKER THAN 8 MM. THE USED NEURAL NETWORK WAS PERCEPTRON NETWORK (MLP) WITH THE BACK-PROPAGATION ALGORITHM (BP), RESPECTIVELY.

THERE IS VARIOUS ANALYTICAL METHOD TO INVESTIGATING THE STABILITY OF NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL SLOPES, REGARD TO GEOLOGICAL, ECOLOGICAL, TOPOGRAPHIC AND SEISMIC CONDITIONS OF CONSIDERED REGION EXPERIENCED LANDSLIDE IN THIS DESIGN , ANALYSIS OF SLIDE DOWNHILL STABILITY HAS PERFORMED AT BOTH STATIC AND QUASI-STATIC CONDITIONS USING LIMIT-EQAILIBRIUM SOFTWATE SLPO/W VERSION 5/16. RESEARCH METHOD USED IN THEIS PAPER IS LIMIT-EQUILIBRIUM METHOD AND TO ANALYSE THE STABILITY OF SLOP PLATES, THE METHOD OF PLATE FRACTURE HAS BEEN USED. REGARD TO MENTIONED ADVANTAGE AND DISADUANTAGE, FOR EACH DESIGN, AND ALSO BEING LOWER OF ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS OF OPTION 2(ESTABLISHING GABIONI WALL AT SLIDE AMPLITUDE THE ROAD DEVIATION AND BROADENING) THAN OPTION1 (ESTABLISHING GABIONI WALL AT SLIDE AMPLITUDE AND ESTABLISHING L-SHAPE CONCRETE WALL BY THE SIDE OF ROAD) AND ALSO HAVING THE LEAST ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS, OPTION (2) WITH THE ROAD DEVIATION AND BROADENING, IS SUGGESTED AS A SUPERIOR CHOICE FOR PERFORMANCE.

THE LIGHTING IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN URBAN DESIGN AND DUE TO ITS IMPORTANT ROLE IN HUMAN LIFE; THIS FACTOR SHOULD BE FURTHER RECOGNIZED. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING SHOULD BE AS PROFITABLE AS NATURAL LIGHTING AND RESULT IN MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL GROWTH OF CITIES AND HUMANS. UNFORTUNATELY, THERE IS NOT AN INTEGRATED LIGHTING, APPROPRIATE TO SPECIFIC GOALS FOR A WIDE AREA SUCH AS A CITY: A LIGHTING THAT HELPS FUNCTIONAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS DIRECT AND TRANSFER THE POPULATION INTO DIFFERENT SEGREGATED AREAS OF THE CITY, IN ADDITION TO ACHIEVEMENTS INCLUDING BEAUTY, VARIATION AND MEMORABILITY, ECONOMY AND TOURISM, POPULATION GROWTH, LOCATING AND BETTER ENJOYING OF THE ROADS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, A PLAN WAS PROVIDED IN WHICH LINEAR LIGHTING WITH DIFFERENT COLORS IS USED IN EVERY SEGREGATED AREA OF THE CITY THAT IS THE MAIN FACTOR FOR DIRECTING THE POPULATION TO EACH AREA AND ELIMINATES INNER-CITY PROBLEMS, SUCH AS WASTE OF TIME AND VIOLENCE. THUS, IN THIS STUDY, DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICAL (QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE) RESEARCH WAS USED AS SURVEY AND LIBRARY METHOD AND ASSUMED THAT THE STUDY OBJECTIVES ARE ACHIEVED AFTER COMPLETING THE PROJECT AND THE OBTAINED RESULTS PROVED THE HYPOTHESIS. ALSO, SINCE THE PROJECT IS PROFITABLE AND IT ALSO HELPS HEIGHTEN THE MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL QUALITY OF HUMANS, ANY PERSON WITH COMMON SENSE WOULD RUN IT.