Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research
Year:2012 | Volume:9 | Issue:4 (SERIAL NUMBER 36)|Papers Count:17

Background: lactobacillus acidophilus as a probiotic has more useful effects and low viability of this bacterium and other probiotics under hard acidic-bile conditions of digestive system and food products, have encouraged researchers to find methods to solve this problem. Microencapsulation as one of the newest methods has noticeable effects in this field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and protective characteristics of beads obtained from microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus.Materials and methods: After activation of starter culture of la5 in MRS-broth medium, in order to purification bacteria was used centrifuge device with speed of 10000rpm for 10 minutes. Microencapsulation was done by calcium alginate and resistant starch with extrusion method. Morphology of beads was evaluated by optical microscope. The study of beads stability was done for 12 hours and the study of survival microencapsulated bacteria was done for 120 minutes within hydrochloric acid, phosphate buffer (0.1 mol) and digestive powder inclusion solution.Results: A morphological characteristics of beads was indicated by optical microscope. These results showed that the strength of beads in various environments is different and in this regard physical tension is very important. Under unfavorable environmental conditions, microencapsulation with calcium alginate and resistant starch was played an important role in the protection of lactobacillus acidophilus. The survival rate of microencapsulated bacteria in all conditions was significantly higher than free bacteria (P<0/05).Conclusion: Morphological characteristics and strength of beads had great importance in theirs protective function of probiotic bacteria. Microencapsulation with calcium alginate and resistant starch plays an important role in increasing the rate of lactobacillus acidophilus survival.

Background: Headache is one of the most common painful conditions that affects human and many reasons for it has been suggested. Despite a considerable amount of studies indicate that headaches originating from the cervical spine, it has a controversial role for cervical spine to create headaches. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between musculoskeletal cervical spine abnormalities and chronic headache.Materials and Methods: This observational (case - control) analytical study conducted on fifty patient with chronic headache and fifty individuals as control who had not a headache and their related conditions referred to Neurological Clinic of Imam Reza Hospital in Tehran. All studied individuals were matched for age and sex. Their musculoskeletal cervical spine abnormalities evaluated by history and physical examination then compared by statistical analysis like chi-square and t tests.Results: Several types of musculoskeletal abnormalities of cervical spine including Limitation of Motion, joint tenderness, trigger point and cervical & shoulder muscular tenderness had significant difference in prevalence between patients with headache and control groups.Conclusion: Cervical spine disorders could be cause of headache and we can help the patients with chronic headache by diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal cervical spine abnormalities.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep disorder. Insomnia complaint is the most common sleep disorders in the general population. The association between OSAS and insomnia symptom has received little attention from sleep investigators in the past few decades. This study investigates the prevalence of insomnia symptoms and related factors in patients with OSAS.Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 151 consecutive patients with OSA who underwent sleep polysomnography. Patients were interviewed about their detailed sleep history. Insomnia and subjective daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Polysomnographic recordings were compared in patients with and without insomnia symptom.Results: Insomnia was a common complaint in patients being evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea.Among 151 patients with OSAS diagnosis, 81.7% of patients complained from one of the four insomnia symptom, 33.4% reported difficulty in falling sleep, 38.8% difficulty in sleep maintenance and 31.4% early morning awakening. Only 29.3% of patients were satisfied with their sleep quality. No significant association found between the insomnia symptom and mean nocturnal saturation of oxygen (P>0.05).Conclusions: Insomnia is a common complaint in the patients suffering from OSAS. There was no relationship between insomnia symptom and severity of apnea or oxygen desaturation. Thus, nocturnal hypoxia is less likely to explain the high prevalence of insomnia among patients with OSAS.

Background: Renal transplantation is a treatment of choice in most of the patients with end-stage of renal disease. Graft and patients survival rates are important issues for these patients and results are different in many centers throughout the world. Renal transplantation has been done in more than 25 centers till now in Iran. In this study, the short-term and the long-term graft survival rates of patients undergoing kidney transplants from living or deceased donor was evaluated in a cohort study and compared with other kidney transplants centers.Materials and Methods: In this cohort study, 353 consecutive patients (age from 11 to 65 years) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) between March 1995 and March 2011 attending to Shohada-Tajrish Hospital, Tehran, Iran, were recruited. SPSS software version 16 and Kaplan-Meier method were used to determine the survival rate.Results: The one-month graft and patients survival rates were 93.2% and 99%, the one-year graft respectively. The patients survival rates were 89% and 97.4% and five-year graft and patients survival rates were 82.5 and 89.1% respectively. The serum creatinine level one month after transplantation (P=0.016), the age (P=0.12) and sex (P=0.012) of donor were showed to be the most important factors affecting the graft survival rate.Conclusions: Totally, according to the obtained results in this study, it could be conclude that the patients under evaluation in this study had a satisfactory short and long term graft survival rate compared with other large centers in the world. The most important factors for good graft survival were creatinine level at discharge, age and sex of donor.

Background: Life- long learning is considered as a main outcome in education and the role of faculty is considered very important. This study was designed to introduce the characteristics and the role of academic members in the training of life- long learners in particular for Military Medical Courses.Material and Methods: This study was conducted by utilizing qualitative method. In a purposive sampling twenty one professionals from Education Development Centers were interviewed. Data analysis was carried out using content analysis based on Krippendorff’s approach. For data credibility and authentication, we conducted the peer check and external observer method.Results: The obtained results indicated the following factors as important roles for a Faculty member: Facilitator and Mentorship, Role Model, having Competencies of Life-Long Learner, having Professional Competencies, Master of Specific Knowledge and having Tacit Knowledge.Conclusion: According to the important role of academic members, focusing on aimed empowerment necessary skills for academic member is suggested.

The main characteristic of kidney disease is the decrease in Glomerular filtration Rate (GFR). Physical exercise seems to influence GFR and the operation of kidney. The study has been conducted to determine the effect of eight weeks running on treadmills on the amount of GFR and another factor of operation of kidney of patients with chronic renal.Materials and Methods: Twenty seven subjects were chosen among male patients with chronic renal who had gone to kidney disease clinics. Before the beginning of the exercise period, blood test and 24 hour urine samples were taken and the amounts of the GFR were calculated using the Creatinine Clearance Method. An exercising program was given to the empirical group including eight weeks running on treadmills with the intensity of 50-80% maximal heart rate, which was practiced thrice a week, each session lasting 30-40 minutes. After the end of the exercising period, blood and urine tests were taken from both control and experimental groups under the same condition.Results: Meaningful differences was perceived in the amount of GFR between control and empirical groups after 8 Week Running on Treadmills (P=0.03). There was also a significant difference between excreted creatinine of the 24 hour urine of the control group and empirical group after 8 Week Running on Treadmills (P=0.003). But there was no meaningful difference in the amount of creatinine serum (P=0.8) and serum urea nitrogen (P=0.1) between control and empirical groups after eight weeks running on treadmills.Conclusion: Aerobic activities could be prevent chronic renal in the first stages. It can also be effective in the prevention or postponement of the development of chronic renal failure.

Background: The most important side effect of venous (Bier) block is systemic toxicity induced by local anesthetics. This is occurred by accidental tourniquet release after drugs’ injection. Effects of sensory and motor block of lidocaine increase by use of sub anesthetic dose of ketamine with lidocaine simultaneously and its toxicity reduces. To evaluate the sensory and motor block via venous block in patients under upper extremity, surgeries induced by lidocaine compared to lidocaine and ketamine.Material and Methods: Forty ASA physical status I-II patients, undergoing elective surgery of the hand or the forearm, were studied in Shahid Rajaee University Hospital. Patients divided in two groups randomly (n=20). The affected extremity was exsanguinated by elevating it and wrapping it with an esmarsh bandage.The proximal double- cuffed tourniquet was inflated on the arm of affected extremity and local anesthetics administered (each patient in control group received with 40 ml of lidocaine 0.5% and each patient in intervention group received 40 ml of lidocaine 0.25% plus ketamine 0.1% (40 mg)). Sensory blocking was assessed by using a blunt pin every 1 minute after local anesthetic injection. Motor block also assessed based on patient’s ability to move the operative hand fingers. Data were analyzed using t- test.Results: the mean time of sensory and motor blocks were 4.25±0.63 and 7.65±0.24 minutes in control group and 4.35±0.62 and 8.35±0.67 minutes in intervention group respectively. Time of motor block was significantly longer in lidocaine and ketamine group compared to lidocaine group (p=0/003).Conclusion: Using lidocaine combined with ketamine is safe method for the intravenous regional anesthesia especially in surgeries on hand or forearm. In this method lidocaine doses for blocking is lessen and reach to nontoxic level.

Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially fatal zeonosis disease caused by a tick-borne virus from the Bunyaviridae family. The CCHF virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of the Ixodid ticks or contact with the blood or tissues of CCHF patients or infected livestock. Human infections begin with the nonspecific febrile symptoms, but progress to a serious hemorrhagic syndrome with a case fatality rate of 2-50%. As Rapid and precise diagnosis approach is critical for control, treatment and detection of patients and is useful for epidemiological studies.Materials and Methods: We conducted a review study on the different research works on diagnosis field in the world and Iran scientific databases, according to laboratory diagnosis of CCHFin bio safety, sampling and diagnosis assays aspects.Results: Laboratory Diagnosis of CCHF is based on three approaches: Virus Isolation, Serological assays (IIF, RPHA, and ELISA) and antigen detect assays (ELISA, RT-PCR, Real Time RT-PCR and Microarray) Conclusion: Early diagnosis is critical for patient therapy, prevention of potential nosocomial infections and in biological attacks. Also, the ability to distinguish between an infection with a reassortant and a nonreassortant variant may have prognostic value. According to Iranian health center facilities, we should design and established domestic methods in each three approaches especially in BSL4 facilities in Iran.

Background: Scorpions are important venomous arthropods which kill many people annually globally.Scorpion sting is one of important health issues in subtropical area in south of Iran. Scorpions are subjects of many studies conducted before in many parts of Iran. The aims of this study were to find the dispersion and mapping the distribution of scorpion specimens based on published documents.Materials and Methods: In this study all published documents on Iranian scorpions which indexed with Iranmedex and PubMed including locally information and collection details were studied. Scientific names and collection details were arranged as a shape file in ArcGIS software and were mapped. Alternatively, a systematic literature review was preformed and the data and/or metadata were used for evaluation of the findings.Results: Maps show the distribution of scorpions across Iran and provide preliminary information for its monitoring. Further prevention and control programs are needed. There was not considerable difference between the distribution of the studied specimens and the other information obtained from the other studies.The specimens of a few species which previously reported from some parts of Iran were not available. The existence of some species which was reported from different parts of the country needs to be confirmed by experts.Conclusion: It seems that more species of scorpions in Iran may found in central and south part of Iran and areas with low altitude.

Background: the most important qualification of aviation at flight altitude over ten thousand feet and sub aquatic seafaring (in all deeps) are the effective oxygen production instruments which have the worthwhile role in prevention of hypoxia and hyperventilation. These systems were used invention in First World War and greatly improved since this century. Informed about this systems and their introduction, function and probable failures are very necessary.Material & Methods: This study documents collected based on any books, articles and knowledge about marine.Results: Oxygen generator systems produce this gas as a shape of gas, liquid and chemical compounds.All the oxygen generators consist of two major sources: main source and back up source which help on emergency situations. Function of this system was based on two methods: automatic and manual operation.Relative appurtenants such as connecting pips, regulators, air dilution systems and masks have accurate points depend on their facilities. Best part of their functions are air dilution ability, generation of 100% oxygen, positive pressure breathing and suitable oxygen temperature.Conclusion: Progressive development of aviation and seafaring technology and up to date investigations implicate enough flight and sea crew orientation about oxygen and its equipments for hypoxia and hyperventilation prevention.

Introduction: Short bowel syndrome in adult means the condition that length of short bowel is less than 200 cm. Functional definition of this syndrome refers to decreased absorption capacity of intestine. This problem will cause some clinical manifestations such as diarrhea, dehydration and malabsorption.Case Report: Our studied case was a 31 years old man who had pain in his left flunk since three weeks ago. After the peritonitis and gangrene diagnosis, he was operated and just 10-15cm from proximal of jejunum and 30cm from distal of ileum remained. His colon had not any problem.The patient one year after operation came back to the normal life without any need to the Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN).Discussion: In patients with acute mesenteric ischemia due to gangrene of intestine, resection and anastomosis is not usually recommended because it decreases the patient’s survival. We concluded that if colon has not any problem and 10 to 15cm from proximal of jejunum and 20 to 30cm from distal of ileum were remained, it’s better to do the complete resection and anastomosis.In this paper we showed that these patients could really survive.