EGHTESAD-E ISLAMI
Year:2010 | Volume:10 | Issue:37|Papers Count:14

The ever-increasing movement of the country’s economy towards privatization, demands the consideration of specific standards and criteria which, besides guaranteeing the advantages of privatization, prevents the problems originating from improper privatization while protecting the essence of Islamic government’s supervision. ‘Authorization’ (iqta’), as one of the procedures of handing over the utilization rights of lands, under the ownership of Imam (including both barren and non-barren) while having the property of supervision, can be used by the Islamic government. With the help of related Traditions (ahadith) and with a juristic method, this article has discussed; the possibility of using the instruments of ‘authorization’ (iqta’) and, consequently, development (ehya’), its specifications and its role in privatization process. It has proved the existence of an aspect of supervision in ‘authorization’ and has explained that, the particularity of ‘iqta’ of barren lands, can be negated and it can be generalized to include non-barren lands, which need supervision and development.

According to the Economic Principle of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Cooperative Economics, alongside the private and governmental sectors, has been identified as one of the three parts of Iranian economy. One of the fundamental questions, which have been under consideration from the day the law was approved till today, is the status of Cooperative Economics between various Economic Systems. Whether Cooperative Economics is mentioned as a complete economic system parallel to the Capitalist, Socialist and Islamic Systems? Or, according to what some have claimed, it is one of the subsectors of Capitalist Economy or, a more refined form of Socialism? What is its relationship with Islamic Economics? Can it be used as a part of the Islamic Economic System? In the present article, through a descriptive-analytic method and by comparing the guidelines of Cooperative Economics with that of the Capitalist Economic System, it is determined that Cooperative Economics with respect to the fundamentals, operations and the results achieved, has basic differences with the economy of the Capitalist system. In such a way that, these two can be considered as two completely separate and different economic systems, but the distance that it has from Islamic guidelines is much lesser than that, which the Capitalist economic system has, from Islamic guidelines. Because of this through Islamic guidelines, corrections can be made and its weaknesses can be removed, and it can be considered as a part of the Islamic Economic System.

The applicability of the theory of Social Capital will always be deficient if due consideration is not given to the environment, different dimensions and conditions of its application. In order to explain the role of Social Capital in economic development, review of the concept and detailed understanding of its elements, keeping in view the national and religious culture, is compulsory. Due to the fact that the understanding and exploration of indicators of Social Capital is mentioned in Islam as a starting point, this research, while explaining the factor of social partnership in religious thought, aims to study its role in the concept of economic development. This research uses the method of explaining and analyzing narrated matter. The results of this research show that the special role of the “institution of mosque” in social lives of Islamic societies, a unique role of the “institution of enjoining others to do good and forbidding evil (amr bay ma’roof wa nahy az munkar)” in establishing the “collective monitoring” system and also the informed participation of Muslims in Jehad (war against the enemy) in the way of Allah, have contributed in the way of creating, establishing and strengthening the social cooperation; presenting a clear boundary between the popular view and the view of Social Capital from Islamic perspective. Similarly, social participation derived from religious teachings, by developing security, productivity of the government and the market, reduction of poverty and unemployment, plays a fundamental role in economic development. Therefore, the hypothesis that “if the social participation from Islamic perspective is established, an adequate ground will be laid for economic development from the aforementioned methods”, has been accepted.

Development of non-oil exports and export financing are among the most important aims of economic systems, all over the world. Besides, studying this subject becomes more important when analyzed in the context of the Islamic Holy Laws with respect to the compulsion of avoiding interest-based transactions and accomplishment of transcendental goals of the Islamic Economic System. In spite of the ability of new Islamic financial instruments to support non-oil exports and similarly, their flexibility in export financing procedures in international arena, these instruments have not received enough consideration of related authorities. While, on the other hand, the regular instruments produced by the interest-free banking system, do not answer the financing system’s increasing needs. The present article will first undertake a general study of instruments common in the interest-free banking system. Subsequently, while studying the inefficiency of these instruments in comparison with the potentialities of new financing instruments, it will identify a set of new Islamic instruments and methods of finance (Sukuk). Finally, in addition to explaining their essence and advantages, the way to utilize these instruments in development of exports, will be proposed.

Bank, as the most important monetary institution of the country, faces a variety of risks. Comparison of the factors of credit risk, in reality, is one of the most important and costly risks of the banking system. In Islamic banking also, because of using trading and participatory contracts for providing facilities and participation of the bank itself in direct investments, there always exists a risk of complete or partial customer defaults against repayments of bank’s cash investments and provided facilities. Total Return Swap, as one of the necessities of credit derivatives, plays a significant role in managing and shifting the credit risk of conventional banking. The present article, while introducing this financial instrument, aims to study, from a jurisprudential perspective, the possibility of using this credit derivative in Islamic banking and the possibility of making it compatible with the current Islamic contracts While analyzing the hypothesis of the current research, the possibility of compatibility of the mentioned derivative with the contract of “selling debt against current payment, sale of credit against credit (mutually deferred sale) (kali bay kali), and a compromise of debt against debt” have been studied. However, because of the disapproval of majority of Islamic jurists and noncompliance with some general conditions of contracts, using this financial instrument with its current structure, will not be accepted. However, its modified structure, not only does not contain any deficiency from Islamic legal perspective, but has a noticeable advantage too, as compared to the current one.

Bank, as the most important monetary institution of the country, faces a variety of risks. Comparison of internal–external factors and expectations of the parties involved, with respect to the current and future conditions of the banks, operating in the country, give birth to risks. Some of these newly appearing risks are the Strategic Risks, the mismanagement of which may lead to the bankruptcy of banks. One of the signs of maturity of a bank is identification of specific and comprehensive procedures for managing the strategic risks. In the current research, keeping in view the necessity of application of the mentioned method in Iranian banking industry, Mellat bank has been selected as the bank under study. The goal of this research is to approach the knowledge resources of banking experts and dig deep into these resources to bring out and document the strategic risks while using the Delphi method. The current research wants to indentify and rank the strategic risks and present a map of strategic risks of Mellat Bank.

The subject of earning a living and working has its specific value-based analyses, such that adhering to Islamic values is considered as a main strength for Islamic firms, so that they could take their key decisions, including the marketing decisions, based on this strength. The main objective of this research is to study the effects of Islamic values on marketing mix decisions. In order to achieve this important goal, while using the library based method and studying the Holy Quran, conduct of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the Infallible Imams (AS) and keeping in view the theories of Islamic thinkers, the values under consideration in decisions of marketing mix including; decisions regarding product, pricing, promotion and place, have been extracted. Subsequently using the survey method, based on this that Islamic values have a positive and meaningful influence on marketing decisions, the research hypotheses have been tested in industries of the food and beverages sector of Tabriz. The research data has been collected using the tool of questionnaire. The results of the analyses of the data show that Islamic values have a positive and meaningful influence on decisions of the four dimensions of marketing mix.