IRAN-WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
Year:2019 | Volume:14 | Issue:4 |Papers Count:27

The precipitation is an important parameter in hydrology cycle lack of data for which is amongst the biggest problems in climate analysis and hydrologic studies. Researcher has suggested the use of satellite images and remote sensing as practical solutions for predicting rainfall. This research focused on evaluation of precipitation data from PERSIANN and CMORPH satellite for Shapoor basin. For this purpose, the daily and hourly rainfall data of Shapour basin stations, for 28 precipitation events (hourly scale) and daily precipitation events in the period of 95-90 for stations located in the Kazeroun study area including Boushigan, Kazeroun, Chiti, Dashte Arjan and Pasghalat were used. Criteria of correlation coefficient, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Probability of Detection (POD), False-Alarm Rate (FAR) and Critical Success Index (CSI) were calculated for both rainfall products. The result showed that PERSIANN and CMORPH satellite data are not accurate enough for hourly and daily scale. Also, comparing satellites and observed daily data of rainfall event showed that CMORPH data had a better correlation with observation data on the hourly scale (in daily scale correlation coefficients were 0. 78 and 0. 75 for CMORPH and PERSIANN, respectively). Also, the results showed that although the CMORPH model indicated a better correlation with observational data in the hourly scale, PERSIANN model had better results in detecting the number of rainy days (POD index).

Water resources systems are facing with changes in terms of natural and socio-economic aspects. As a result, water resources management should be prepared for the future possibilities, rather than relying on the predicting of probabilities. Hence, the management approach should tend towards the mechanisms which can promote understanding and adapting to changes. That school of thoughts which is based on versatility with changes is known as adaptive management. From this perspective, adaptation to change is a priority for the adaptive management. One of the main features of an adaptive structure, is its capacity to adapt to change. Thus, this study aims to assess the adaptive capacity of the local organizations in Tashk– Bkhtgan Basin versus water scarcity. The adopted methodology is based on the Adaptive Capacity Wheel. The required data were gathered using questionnaires and structured interviews. The results show that a relatively negative adaptive capacity within the local organizations. That means there are gaps among the local organizations to deal with the negative effects of new conditions that need to be repaired.

Precipitation is a major component of the hydrological cycle and is a crucial forcing data for hydrological and agricultural models. Great efforts have been made to generate gridded precipitation products, thereby leading to the increased availability of precipitation datasets at different spatial and temporal resolutions over the globe. This study provides an intercomparison of daily precipitation of four high spatial resolution gridded precipitation products (PERSIANN-CCS, CHIRPS, CFSR and AgMERRA) with that simulated by RegCM4 model and evaluates them against observational data over eight springs (2003-2010) in the Qazvin Plain. Statistical evaluation of three convective precipitation schemes (Ku, Emanuel, and Grell) coupled in RegCM4 showed that Ku is the best scheme for spring precipitation modeling in the region. Based on continuous statistical indices, AgMERRA showed relative superiority to other products and RegCM. Categorical statisticsal indices indicated that CFSR performed better in detecting rainy days while AgMERRA were better in detecting the non-rainy days and distinguishing rainy and non-rainy days. Results showed that compared to other precipitation products, AgMERRA, in general, is closer to the observed daily precipitation during the spring over the Ghazvin Plain.

The Urmia Lake shrinkage is the most noticeable symbol of the water and water management crisis in Iran. In order to cope with this crisis at the highest national level with the membership of all governmental actors, the Urmia Lake Restoration National Committee (ULRNC) has been formed and they have ratified a roadmap for the Lake restoration. The implementation of this road map and the restoration process requires extensive changes in the previous procedures and adaptation to the new conditions. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the capacity of ULRNC for implementing these changes and adapting with new climate. In the modern literature of water resource management, the ability to change internally is called adaptive capacity. This paper seeks to measure the adaptive capacity of the ULRNC, and for this aim, it uses the Adaption Capacity Wheel model. This model has 6 dimensions and 22 criteria. It measures the capability of change and the capacity of adaption in formal and informal water institutions. The results of this paper indicate the low capacity of this institution to change current procedures and adapt to new conditions.

Agriculture, particularly rainfed agriculture, is the first sector being affected by drought; hence, evaluation of the agricultural drought risk is critically important for drought risk management. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to develop a systematic framework and realistic model for accurately quantifying agricultural drought risk with the focus on rainfed wheat. The proposed framework quantifies the agricultural risk based on the hazard and vulnerability levels for different stages of crop growth. To quantify the drought severity, we have employed Standardized Evapotranspiration and Precipitation Index (SEPI) as a drought index. On the other hand, to determine the drought effect on yield performance, Aquacrop model is adopted for different stages of crop growth to evaluate the yield lost due to the drought. For the vulnerability, fuzzy logic techniques are employed. The proposed framework is evaluated for the Sisab Rainfed Research Station in Northern Khorasan, Iran, using the 30-years (1980 to 2011) meteorological data. For this case, vulnerability, as a dimension less quantity, was calculated as 0. 6163 and the drought risk level for rainfed wheat in Sisab Station was calculated as 0. 3684 ton/acres. The developed framework can be used for systematic risk management to reduce the impact of drought effects as well as calculating agricultural insurance rates for droughty situations.

Integrated management of urban runoff is important to the sustainable development of urban infrastructures neglecting of which would not only lead to waste of resources, but also may cause considerable problems from the perspective of living environment and transportation inside the city. Therefore, urban runoff modeling and prediction of flood are essential. In this paper, the Velenjak catchment in Tehran city was selected as the study area and the SWMM model was used to simulate rainfall-runoff process. Due to the spatial variations of the model parameters, the model response was subjected to uncertainty. The purpose of this paper was to identify, rank and screen the parameters that contribute to variability of model responses and to identify the impact of each parameter on the uncertainty of the model response. For the first time, the sensitivity analysis of the SWMM model performance based on the different metricse was performed on the basis of the variogram. To do this, the fifteen parameters of SWMM model were considered and the sensitivity analysis was performed using three methods of VARS, Sobol and Morris and the results of the three methods were compared. Overall, six parameters were identified as the effective parameters.

In the Middle East, 50 percent of the population are living in the boundary Basins and this has caused competition and debates over the use of conjoint water resources. The eastern part of Iran faced with a severe shortage of water and the city of Mashhad, with most of its water supplied from the Dusti dam, is dependent on the flow of the Harirood River from Afghanistan. In this research, the inflow into the Dusti Dam is studied under the condition that Salma Dam is constructed and in different scenarios based on the doctrines of conjoint transboundary waters between the upstream and downstream countries. Due to the lack of a memorandum of understanding (agreement) on water usage (access) from the Harirood shared river, Iran and Afghanistan right of water are assessed using volume reliability indicators and vulnerability indicators. Simulation results in the case that Salma Dam is operational, no memorandum of understanding is running between the countries of the basin, and the absolute territorial sovereignty doctrine is established, indicated the a shortage of 35 percent in the agricultural needs and 40 percent in Mashhad drinking water compared to the results from the limited territorial integrity doctrine. The basis of the limited territorial integrity doctrine helps to meet the water needs of each country in the basin with respect to the limited water resources of the basin.

The reduction of water resources used in the country, on the one hand, and the increasing demand for agricultural products on the other hand, has increased the need for attention to the management of water resources used in the agricultural sector. This study aimed at codification of optimal agricultural cropping pattern in Gorgan Mazrae Nemoone Company as one of leading farms in the agriculture sector of Gorgan province with emphasizing the increased water productivity. For this purpose, the statistical data and information of 2015-2016 crop year of the complex was used in the framework of multiple criteria decision making model. The results showed that in the optimum conditions for plant production in this agricultural farm, the increase in water productivity of 15%, gross margin of 9%, and net energy production by 20% could be obtained. Therefore, it can be said that ideals of maximum gross income and net maximum energy generated as the economic goals along with the ideal of increasing water productivity will be available simultaneously. Finally, according to the results, it was suggested that in order to increase profitability in this farm, while emphasizing increased water productivity, wheat, rapeseed, cotton, maize and alfalfa are the main components of the cropping pattern.

In recent years, population growth and economic development all around the world has led to an increase in water demand and it has been a serious challenge to its management, particularly, in Shared River Basins. Game theory is one of the most substantial means of conflict resolution and reaching equilibrium in a system. In the present study, the players' strategies were analyzed through the non-cooperative approach of game theory in the shared basin of Harirud. At first, a comprehensive linear programming model was developed to calculate the player's net profit. Then the players profit was calculated considering the defined non-cooperative scenario. In the next step, the players’ strategy was carried out using different approaches to analyze each of these methods and their stability. The concept of intensive compensation was also used to examine the possibility of changing the Afghanistan's approach from non-cooperative to cooperative. The results showed that in non-cooperative approach, Iran's profit is reduced from 7. 8 million dollars to 44 million dollars that is about 45 percent. Similarly, the intensive compensation approach can change the strategy of Afghanistan from noncooperative to cooperative. Therefore, according to Pareto's optimality, it is possible to increase 40 percent of Iran's profits without reducing profits in Afghanistan.

Drought as a natural phenomenon occurs due to shortage of rainfall and increase of temperature over a long-term period. This can affect the quality and quantity of groundwater. In this research, the impact of drought on groundwater quality was investigated in respect to the irrigation usage from Hashtgerd plain aquifer. First, using Thiessen-polygon method and precipitation values of 6 weather stations in Hashtgerd plain, total average monthly rainfall for a period of 30 years (1985-2015) was calculated. Monthly averages of groundwater levels for a period of 23 years (1991-2014) were calculated using data from 8 observation wells and Thiessen-polygon method. The climatological drought and the groundwater drought were evaluated by SPI and GRI, respectively. Based on the results, the longest climatological drought with durability of 2 years, severity of-2. 73 (SPIsum), density of-1. 365 (SPIavg) and total average monthly rainfall of 157. 70 mm was marked in the water years 1998-1999. The most severe groundwater drought was in the water years 2010-2014 (4 years durability) with severity of-6. 10 (GRIsum), density of-1. 53 (GRIavg) and groundwater average monthly level of 1180. 26 m. On 12 months period, correlation between groundwater levels and rainfall amounts were significant with time-lag of 11 months. In June of water year 2013-2014 with extreme drought condition, water quality in 16% of the aquifer area was appropriate for irrigation while in December, the aquifer was totally unsuitable for irrigation in therms of water quality. Based on LSI, in June and December of all studied years, the water quality of 100% of the Hashtgerd plain aquifer area, showed the potential of calcium carbonate sediments formation.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of upgrading the water distribution and delivery systems within the main irrigation canals, on reducing the water pumping from the aquifer. Consequently, the energy consumption reduction and carbon emission reduction is investigated. To achieve this goal, a set of two practical canal automation alternatives, including a decentralized automatic system and centralized control system are designed and tested under the normal and severe (drought) scenarios of the main canal of Qazvin irrigation network. The results for the first scenario showed that the adequacy indicators are increased 13% and 28% respectively with employing the decentralized automated control systems and the centralized one. Accordingly, the reduction in extracting groundwater is declined about 26. 6% and inconsequent the energy preservation due to pumping decrease is equal to 7. 27% and the greenhouse gas reduction rate is obtained 24. 1%. The results of the second scenario, representing the water shortage conditions, indicate that the improvement of the adequacy index by upgrading the operating system to decentralized systems is obtained 70% and for the centralized automated system is obtained 77%. Accordingly, the reduction in abstracting groundwater from the aquifer for the proposed automation methods are 28. 3% and 63. 4% respectively. Moreover, the reduction of energy consumption are 21. 3% and 71. 6%, respectively and the greenhouse gas emission reduction was equal to 23. 4 and 70. 1 %, respectively.

Using ANP methodology, a decision-support model conducted to facilitate the prioritization of artificial nourishing-flood spreading scenarios. As a case study the Khoy plain (with limited groundwater resources) was selected. In the first phase, six scenarios were proposed based on 16 technical criteria and overlaying of GIS shape files. In the second phase, in addition to above-mentioned criteria, other effective parameters were classified into four technical, economic, social, and environmental clusters. After determining the effective connections in the decision-making network based on DEMATEL technique, SuperDecisions software was used. Based on the results of ANP ranking, scenario #3 located in the northwest of the studied area, with a normal weight of 0. 175 was selected as the best scenario. The result of the first phase of this study, in which scenarios were prioritized based on AHP method, was the same for the first rank, although the order of other scenarios faced changes. This can be due to the impact of economic, social and environmental factors, as well as the limitation of internal communication in the AHP model. Network analysis has more capability than the AHP method, so complex issues can be addressed, such as the selection of susceptible areas for artificial nourishing-flood spreading.

Failure of earth fill dams is a great challenge in Civil Engineering, for which one of the main causes is uncontrolled seepage through the core and foundation of the dam. Thus seepage analysis is one of the most important complications in design, construction and operation of this type of dams. The first step for seepage analysis is inspecting the piezometric heads. In the following paper, Sattarkhan earth fill dam piezometric heads have been analyzed via Artificial Intelligence (AI) models and a classic black box model, based on two scenarios. Each scenario had different input combinations for modeling of various conditions. Later the ensemble models have been formed via outputs of the single black box models to improve modeling performance. Three methods of model ensemble were considered, including simple linear averaging model, weighted linear averaging model and non-linear neural ensemble model. Results showed that employing model ensemble and in particular non-linear ensemble by neural network, improved the modeling accuracy up to 10%. Moreover, comparing both scenarios, it is concluded that in case of a failure of a piezometer, employing scenario 2 can be an effective way.

In this research, daily meteorological data for 15 years (1999-2013) were used in 153 synoptic stations throughout Iran to determine the best method among pan evaporation methods to determine the reference evapotranspiration for different climate conditions. For all synoptic stations of the country, evapotranspiration was calculated from 12 different evaporation pan methods, and the FAO-Penman-Monteith method was used as the standard method for evaluation. Different statistics tests as RMSE, MBE, R2 and t tests were used to evaluate the accuracy of different methods. The final results showed that in two arid and semi-arid climates, Mohammad et al. (2008), FAO-24 (in dry conditions) (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1997) and Christensen methods were the most suitable methods and Schneider (1992), Allen and Prout (1991), Raghuwanshi and Wallender (1998) were the most inappropriate methods. For the Mediterranean climate condition, Mohammed et al., Konica (1989) and Schneider were the most suitable and Pereira's, FAO-24 (in dry conditions), Raghuwanshi and Wallender were identified as the most unsuitable methods. In the semi-humid climate, the modified Schneider method, Allen and Pruitt (Allen & Pruitt, 1991), and Pereira (Pereira et al., 1995) were the most suitable methods and Mohamad et al., FAO-24 (in dry condition), Ragvanshi and Waldner and were the most unsuitable methods. In the wet and humid climates conditions, modified Schneider method, (Allen et al., 1998) were the best and Pryira, FAO-24 (in dry conditions) and Mohammed et al. (2008), Raghuwanshi and Wallender methods were the worst methods. Moreover, the results which obtained and reported in this study did not match with the other results reported by the other researchers. Finally, comparing the results of lysimetric studies in semi-arid climate confirmed the selected methods.

The growth of the world’ s population, the increasing water demand all around the world and the reduction of available water due to climate change effects, have all to increasing water resources stresses. These conditions, as a result intensified the problems of water resources allocation. To decrease the problems of water shortage, the water trading can be considered as a non-structural approach, without need for huge investments in the installation of water supplies. With this approach, there would be boosted motivation among contributors to use water efficiently. According to the Act proceeded by the Supreme Council of Water to establish the water markets in Iran, the legal issues about markets are mostly solved and the water authorities are recently emphasizing on developing an economical approach to water distribution. Despite all the determination about developing the water markets, neglecting the impacts from the third-parties may lead to failure. Considering the little experiences about water markets in Iran, this review paper has tried to analyze the key parameters effecting the establishment of water markets. This was done through analyzing the institutions of water markets in Australia, Western USA, Chile, Spain and China, and comparing their performances from different aspects.

Due to the increasing need of human societies to groundwater, especially in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, Protection and prevention of pollution of these water resources are considered necessary. For this purpose, evaluating the vulnerability of groundwater can play a vital role in protecting and exploiting these resources. In the Barandozhay plain, due to the high agricultural activities, chemical fertilizers, pesticides application, and low depth of water table, there is the probability of aquifer contamination. For this purpose, at first, the potential of contamination of groundwater resources in the plain was studied using DRASTIC, SINTACS and SI models and then, the final map of vulnerable areas was prepared using the combination method. Comparison of the results obtained from the models with nitrate data based on the Correlation Index (CI) indicated that the combined method of the three models had more correlation than individual models of DRASTIC, SINTACS, and SI. Based on the combined method of the three models, 25, 40 and 35 percent of the Barandozchai plain aquifer area are located in the low, medium and high vulnerability range, respectively. Plain water is suitable for drinking according to the international standards of nitrates.

One of the most important issues which affects the power generation scheduling is the start-up and shut-down costs of generation units. The amount of fuel consumed by a thermal unit from starting up until synchronization with the power grid has been considered as the start-up cost. While the fuel consumed for maintaining the thermodynamic requirements have been categorized as shut-down costs. These start-up and shut-down costs are however for a hydroelectric generating unit due to independency in fossil fuels. Yet the degradation of equipment of such units is considerable due to the frequent start-ups and shut-downs. In this paper, a fair methodology is provided for estimation of these costs and by implementing a mixed-integer non-linear programming framework the effects of implementing these costs in the generation scheduling are studied. The decision variables in this framework were the optimum operating points of all generation units in the planning horizon. Also, start-up and shut-down states for such generating units are considered as one control variable in the optimization problem. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model, a typical hydro-thermal test system is accepted including 9 thermal and one hydroelectric unit. Different scenarios are evaluated in this paper to assess the effects of start-up and shut-down costs in the short term planning. The simulation results confirmed that including these costs in the generation scheduling can dramatically reduce the total start and stop actions.

Transparency, participation, sustainability, standardization, monitoring and effectiveness are the fundamental principles of good governance in resource management. In the present study, the extraction of indices representing the principles of agricultural water governance in irrigation and drainage networks of Khuzestan was examined using the Delphi method. The weight of each of the indices was then calculated using the special vector. The required data was obtained through designing some specialized questionnaires and also sharing the views from Khuzestan province water and Soil specialists. Drawing upon the results of the study, 16 indicators were identified as the indicators of the water governance principles. The results showed that in the special vector method of water resources' management indicators of transparency principle, self-regulation of agricultural water utilization system of participation principle and ready-made pumps with numerical values of standardization principle of 0. 211, 0. 155 and 0. 100 had the highest weight, irrigation intervals of sustainability principle, efficiency of electrical facilities of standardization principle and rate of irrigation quarrel of monitoring principle with numerical values of 0. 017, 0. 019 and 0. 027 had the lowest weight. On the other hand, the total numerical values of the indicators indicate that the principles of transparency, participation and standardization in the management of water resources for irrigation and drainage networks in Khuzestan have attracted more attention from the water and soil experts of Khuzestan province compared to the principles of sustainability, monitoring and effectiveness.

Precipitation is among the most important meteorological phenomena and the main parameter for streamflow forecasting. Therefore, determining the amount of precipitation for the future periods will help water resources management and flood prediction. In this regard, some of the most important meteorological centers in the world provided users with Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts (QPFs) on a global scale. The availability of global ensemble forecasting models in the TIGGE database created new opportunities for flood forecasting. In this research, the effect of post-processing on the most important global numerical ensemble forecasting models such as UKMO, ECMWF, NCEP and CMA in the TIGGE database during the years 2007 to 2014 is investigated for the Bashar River Basin. Evaluations were conducted for probabilistic and nonprobabilistic approaches. Initially, the four NWP models with quantile mapping methods were bias corrected. Then, by using Bayesian model averaging (BMA), the post-processing was carried out. The results of probabilistic evaluation after post-processing showed that the skill of forecasting models for the Bashar Basin increased and uniform distributions were achieved in verification rank histograms. Also, at most stations the results of the probabilistic evaluation with the BSS for the combined mode of four QPF Models with BMA method were close to 0. 5 and the results in the simple combination were close to zero; indicating that Grand ensemble has a higher skill than single models.

Increasing impacts of climate change on societies has caused the issue to get more attention. Review of the literature shows that the recent attempts are not solely concentrated on “ impact assessment” and “ adaptation” is winning more focus in the studies, though this shift is not much tangible in our country. For instance, the proceeding of the Fifth Iranian Meteorological Organization on Climate Change revealed that only 2% of the articles were concentrated on the subject of adaptation. This paper attempts to motivate this subject and explain a few related concepts and dimensions, which can be helpful for any research and technical work on climate change adaptation. With regard to this matter, the suggested approaches, strategies, planning, measures, pathways, adaptive capacity, the role of stakeholders, and mainstreaming are some of the concepts that are presented and explained in this article. At the final section, important points related to the evaluation of adaptation plans are assessed and argued.

Underwater Acoustic Tomography (AT) is a branch of remote sensing techniques which can continuously measure the flow velocity and temperature in rivers, seas and the oceans by transmitting acoustic waves into the water. The AT systems are synchronized with a GPS clock currently accurate to a few nanoseconds, which makes it possible to transmit the acoustic waves at the exact same time. The systems record the arrival time of acoustic waves and by analyzing the received signals, the flow characteristics would be estimated. In the present study, the performance of the AT system is investigated in a physical model; Kousar Channel in Malek-Ashtar University of Technology. Two Fluvial Acoustic Tomography Systems (FATS) were deployed on both sides of the channel. The horizontal distance between the two systems was 127m. The FATS transmitted simultaneous sound pulses every 60 seconds from the 30 kHz omnidirectional transducers. The results showed that the underwater sound speed and the water temperature were 1482 m/s and 20. 3 ˚ C, respectively. The temperature sensor measured the surface temperature in the various points of the channel and confirmed the validity of the FATS measurement. The estimated flow velocity was zero which due to the water stagnation in the channel, the accuracy of the velocity measurement by FATS was also completely confirmed.

Short-and long-term analysis of hydrological parameters of rivers plays a significant role in the study of production and storage of hydro-electrical energy as well as flood control and drought. In this research, by using chaotic indices, the dynamic status of flow time series and effect of time scale on Zayandehrud River flow behavior in 43 years (1971-2013) was evaluated. The data from Eskandari, Ghale Shahrokh, Pole Zamankhan and Pol Kalleh hydrometric stations on Zayandehrud River were investigated at two daily and 10-day time scales. The possibility of chaos in river flow rate was investigated using correlation dimension. Results showed that on a daily scale, the non-integer value of correlation dimension was respectively 3. 34, 3. 60, 3. 77 and 3. 84 for Eskandari, Ghale Shahrokh, Pole Zmankhan and Pol Kalleh. This indicated the chaotic flow rate in these stations. By increasing the time scale to 10 days, the flow rate in all stations shoed a random behavior. Using the Lyapunov exponent test, sensitivity of the system to initial conditions was investigated as an attribute of chaotic systems and the forecast horizon was estimated. The largest Lyapunov exponents obtained at each of the four stations in two daily and 10-day time scales were positive. Hurst exponent was used to investigate the random process of data against their non-randomness. Considering the nonlinear dynamic indices, it seems that correlation dimension is a more accurate measure for chaotic detection in nonlinear systems.

Governing the risks of extreme events is of importance to advance climate change adaptation. In March 2018, some seventeen years after the beginning of Iran’ s devastating drought, the Iranian Council of Ministers enacted the Act on Water Shortage Adaptation. The purpose of the act is to balance consumption of the limited resources for apportioning the shortage to the users, equitably. What this article did not critique was the act’ s approach in moving from confrontingthe-drought to living-with-drought practice. What was nonetheless questioned was the approach to act implementation. While the paper reviewed the act’ s main articles, it addressed the overlooked factors that need to be considered in the implementation phase. It is shown that the most important scientific principle in legislation of commonpool resources is to understand the social and behavioral processes that govern the use of the resources. For example, what would be the resolution mechanisms if people went rivalry and fell into conflicts? And this is exactly what is missing in the act.

Today, in many countries of the world, the important part of gross domestic product is the service sector. With the increasing number of service organizations followed by increasing competition, as well as continuous and continuous change in customers' tastes and rising expectations, the biggest challenge faced by these organizations is maintaining and creating a competitive advantage. This research is in terms of its purpose and in terms of descriptive survey is a survey. The statistical population of this research includes all employees and the owner of urban water and sewage company in Kurdistan province. Two questionnaires including, distributed among the clients, as well as a Value Engineering Questionnaire distributed among the employees of ABFA Company, were used to collect the data. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the engineering value of the services and the quality of services provided in the water and wastewater company of Kurdistan province. Value engineering increases the level of trust, staff accountability, empathy between the employees and the client, as well as the quality increase. The factors are tangible and as a result they increase the quality of the services provided by the company Abfa Kurdistan province. There is a significant relationship between value engineering, value studies and complementary studies and the quality of services, and it can be concluded that value engineering increases the trust and responsiveness of employees and empathy between employees and clients, as well as value engineering to enhance quality. Tangible factors are also used.