JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES
Year:2009 | Volume:9 | Issue:12|Papers Count:8

In recent decades, growth and expansion 'of informal settlements around metropolitan cities specially in developing countries caused for numerous economic, social and cultural problems with self origin basis that finally faced with, nonsustainable of urban development model in the said countries.The goal of the research is to comparative study and evaluation of social, economic and cultural indices in Shahrk e Enghelab and Hesar Amir (as Informal Settlements) with district 19-Tehran. In this regard and for evaluation of the said indices in these informal settlements in the city of Tehran, we used from Variance Analysis statistical method. Results showed that Shahrak e Enghelab and Hesar Amir are in lower level from standpoint of economic, social and cultural indices in comparison with Tehran: Also study of cultural and economic movements through Chi-Square test shows that the said informal settlements are in process of transition from its traditional culture toward urban culture, i.e found a type of urban life method.

Dryness and drought are two undeniable facts of the under study climatic conditions that without considering them any planning and forecasting result in failure. Drought phenomenon has climatic nature and mainly results from abnormal conditions and disorders in precipitation.Iranshahr region is considered as one of the important cultivation, population and industrial scopes in sistan and Baluchestan province by including particular climatic conditions, From the appearance of drought phenomena point of view and the result arising from it in reducing products from the under cultivation level and the amount of production has sustained a lot of damages from this way.This area of south-eastern has high changes of index form the yearly, seasonal and monthly rains point of view as like as most areas of Iran. By regarding to standard precipitation index (SPI) 14 periods in Iranshahr station (1358-1384statistical years), 14 periods in Daman station (1359-1384statistical years), 19 periods in Bampoor station (1349-1384 statistical years) and 12 periods of drought in Golmorti station (1363-1384 statistical years) which has happened such a drought with awful consequences for this area. Thisresearch is going to resort toward assigning the yearly rain changes and the frequency of seasonal wet and drought periods of the region stations by using the SPI averages to be able present the solutions for confronting with these phenomena to reduce the damages.

Drainage network have main role in destruction and washout of trench of the roads which these inflict main damage to the road way. This effects include two factors: 1- climatical factors like rain and snow melt which affect directly on road and road components. 2- effect of river on road that consist of Road-Stream Proximity and Road-Stream Crossing.The aim of this study is surveying effects of haraz river and subbasins on the haraz road, which this study distinguish critical routes and sections. in this regard, we studied 85 km of haraz road. Determining the limits of road haraz river perform with topographic map and air photo and complate with field works.The result show from 85 km road under examination, 33 percents (27 km) placed in 50 meters of river limits. The studies and observations indicated that river and stream affected on the road in 50 meters distance due to effects of stream water on fillslope of road which that undercutting the road, also infiltrate water in fillslope of road which cause of dippig the road in some places. And 67 percents (58km) 100 meters and more of river limits. Also The study ofcrossings show that there are 7 point including diversion, 9 main subbasin are having main crossing, 119 minor subbasin have side crossing, and among of these 119 minor subbasin, 62 intersection strike to trenchs.

Avalanche is one of the phenomena of snow pack areas which if not behaved in a scientific manner, may lead to several dangers and irreparable problems. This phenomenon cause severe damages in transportation roads of mountainous regions, promenades and minefields.Performing more specific review and adopting proper management, the avalanche not only can be predicted, but also its severe damages can be prevented. Moreover, recent incidents of avalanche fall which unfortunately have caused corporal and property damages increase the need to knowing the avalanche and its procedure as an updated science and its consequences.Haraz mountainous road is one of the transportation roads in North of Iran which because of specific geomorphologic conditions in some parts of it has made a suitable background for the avalanche to happen. In this study, the avalanche risk map has been created by interpreting of air and satellite images and with the help of topography and geology maps and Surveyor field in the region. In the next step, geomorphologic and climate elements affecting on avalanche were weighted in theformat of Boolean and AHP models considering their level of impact and after combining these layers with each other in both models, avalanche risk zoning maps has been drew.Then the results of each Boolean and AHP models were compared to the avalanche frequent region maps which were created during the surveys in the region and expert experience by using GPS, and considering the overlaps between them, it was revealed that avalanche risk zoning maps of Haraz road created by the AHP model, have more coincidence with maps created by surveyor field in the region and expert experience than zoning maps created by Boolean model.Therefore it is suggested in the regions with climate and topographic characteristics similar to Haraz road, one should use AHP model in order to zoning the avalanche risk.

Human settlements as a geographical space have always been changed in structures and functions under the influence of deferent relationships.Study, cognition and explanation of this structuralfunctional evolutions, especially, evolutions resulting from acceptance of urban role of the rural settlements which can be considered the start point for identified them as a medium or small towns, can being effective step in their development. this research, thus, have attempted to study the structural-functional evolutions of "Kanisoor" after it has been considered as a urban area. for the better cognition of this process it is tried to compare to "kanisoor" before and after it has been identified as a urban area.At last, this study obtained the following results: A) To establishment new function and structures such as the establishment of municipality, of the centers for urban services and of urban Islamic councial as well as make changes in the physical and management structures.B) To make changes in former structures and functions; such as the improvement of educational facilities in quality and quantity, increasing rate of literacy, decreasing agricultural activities, increasing adminstrative activities, improvement of spatial array of streets and houses and making change in spatial relationships of settlements.C) Unexpectedly, there has not been made changes in structures and functions such The produced functional-structural evolutions, However, after acceptance of urban role have had the negative aspects such as decreasing the role of cultivation and husbandry activities, increasing of costs of life (water, electricity, …), and land value, but because of positive aspects of its like the increase of quantity and quality facilities, the decrease of emigrations, the increase of the immigration, rate of satisfactory in the living in city and etc have had more than negative aspects, we can concluded to this idea that the process or evolution after become urban, have looked forward and, further, have been positive.Despite the necessity of serious consideration in deciding to convert a village area to an urban one to its structures and functions at first, this thesis concludes that the conversion of "Kanisoor", has lack of such consideration both physical and human points of view.

Holes in the state have been introduced as organized phenomenon that would challenge widely existence and sovereignty of the states within geographic domain. With respect to this fact, it is significant to determine holes in the state as a challenging factor exerted on sovereignty and security of the states. Through the present study while presenting schematic definitions about some concepts close to concept of holes in the state, such as effective national territory, the effective state area, core area, and penetration crisis, concept of holes in the state will be defined.Meanwhile, kinds of this phenomenon are recited through four scopes regarding to their characteristics, geographic location, periodic context, and function. Any of these holes would be formed based on periodic and locational conditions and would exert risks on sovereignty as well as security of the state; so it necessitates identifying them with aim of continuing sovereignty of states. The applied method of the presents study is based on descriptive and basic procedures; conducted individually utilizing sources such as academic libraries and internet.

Iran's nomadic society is a society that is moving from a traditional lifestyle to other lifestyle methods. In resent 20 years and in mid and short term plan, this society have been in consideration. But necessity of having a long term plan for this society is self in academic and executive meetings.Since any planning must be done in direction of sustainable development, the nomadic society with its sets of natural, social, economic, infrastructure potentials in future 20 years horizon could have an important place in the future 20 from horizon, nomadic society would benefit from employment and suitable income either in settlement in development centers or in organizing migration spaces and would have necessary life services.