JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES
Year:2009 | Volume:10 | Issue:13|Papers Count:10

Accurate Forest type maps over large areas are important to construct an optimal decision support tool for forest ecosystems management. Recently, digital classification of remotely sensed data has been increasingly used as a suitable replacement to produce these maps. The obtained results are different based on the classification methods, forest covers, study area conditions and satellite data. This research utilizes data from SPOT5 images to compare the results of pixel-based, object-oriented and decision tree classification methods for mapping forest types in the Astara forests located in the northern parts of Iran. To obtain the field information, we chose a random systematic sampling a approach, where 153 plots of 1 hectare were sampled. Forest type in each plot was identified based on the percent of frequency of different species including the mixed Parrotia, mixed hardwood, mixed Carpinus, mixed Fagus and protected lands. In order to map these forest types, we used a pixel-based neural network classifier method. Forest types could be classified using spectral data with an overall accuracy of 52.04% and a kappa coefficient of 0.39. In addition to the pixel-based approach, the object-oriented classification method consisting of segmentation of image data into the primary objects and employment of the Nearest neighbor and membership functions was used for classication. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of classification reached 63.3% and 0.54 respectivelly by using the spectral data alone, Results of the accuracy assessment showed that, the performance of the object-oriented method for discrimination of forest types is considerably better than the pixel-based method. Spectral signatures of forest types showed overlaps and most of them were porrly separable in the feature space provided by remotely sensed data. Therefore, to improve discrimination of forest types. We used a texture measure and ancillary data such as DEM, slope. Aspect and distance to stream data which could be effective for mapping spatial occurrence of mixed forest types. Integration of the ancillary data with spectral data in a decision tree classifier resulted in the improvement of the classification results. In this process, overall accuracy of 76.5% and a kappa coefficient of 0.7 were obtained and DEM was the most useful layer for forest type separation and Comparison in the results of pixel-based and object-oriented classification methods showed that the objectoriented method has higher capabilities for classifying forest types. Also, higher accuracies could be achieved for separation of mixed forest types by the decision tree classifier.

The aim of this article is to find the optima location for urban terminal in Tasoj city. By regarding the effect of physical environment on it. There are many factors which can be consider to this subject. but in this paper we only regarded to hydrologic, climatologic and topographic factors. We use these criteria: wind and its direction, nearing or faring to the sea, floodwater ways and slops.Tasoj is a city in Azarbayjan county in Iran. It has had not any serious earthquake in his history so we will not study this factor in our survey. we use the descriptive statistic methodolog. Then by using GIS extension to spatial analysis and drawing the Bafer of criteria and find the overlap points, we could presented the optima place for terminal location.

Old texture of many cities is wearing. This texture can not provide suitable services to residential people. As a result medium and high classes of people remove from thereto modern parts of cities and the district will be the place of poor people concentration. In this conditions, social anomalies increase in the old texture of cities.The main aim of this paper is consideration of above mentioned hypothesis in Babataher district of Khoramabad.Required data are collected through observation, interview and filling questionnaire. Sample society of study was the total households of district's dwellers (104 households).Collected data are analyzed based on discretional statistics, liker scale and comparative studies.Finding shows in spite of existing valuable cultural heritage in the district, high social and economic classes of people leave there and the concentration of poor people increase social insecurity in the area.

In this research, the time and statistical characteristics of snowy days were studied using data pertaining to the frequency of snowy days recorded at Tabriz Synoptic Station as a sample of the climate of northwestern Iran. To classify the months on the basis of the number of snowy days, Pearson's correlation, linear trend analysis, six degree polynomial and cluster analysis in line with Ward' s hierarchical clustering method with Euclidean Distance standard were utilized. This study indicated that on a monthly time scale, December, January, February, and March, the winter phase, have the highest frequency of snowy days. Furthermore, a relatively direct association between the North Atlantic Oscillation index and yearly snowy days in this Tabriz station was observed.

It is argued pathological explanation regarding educational landuse for solving cultural problems is very essential.Taking into account this objective, this study aims to investigate the educational spaces from pathological view point. This study suggests that per capita of educational spaces their, spatial- locational application, and their properties and proportionalities entails some problems.Sampling group is composed of all of Ilam's high schools during 1355-1385. Index of effective radial distance (range) served population, floor area, open spaces and suitable contingency, from different aspects, have been analysed.Taking into account GIS capabilities with regard to the assessment of the degree of mutual impacts of different landuses as well as their locational dimension, range, and population threshold, distance analytical and buffering models have been applied. Different landuses, yard sticks and critevia (compatibity, potentialities and desirability materecies have been used in order to evaluate Ilam's high schools. This study suggests that there exist imbalances inspatical distribution of educational landuses. This is followed by their improper locational the cisions. This in turn paved the ways for some urban crisis. Ilam's studied high schools do not accurately function. This is related to their imbalanced distribution and locations as far as the students' accessibity is concerned. Over 30% of studied high schools are located in proximity to uncom patible landsuses.In addition, 35% of them are confronting with minimum per capita of educational landuse and the rest, do not possess standard one.

urbanization is realationship between population, occupation, migeration, structural body and humans environment which its development in every time and geographical space is under the effect of national and international condation. Since 1980s the spread of globalization caused reduction of authority of broader and times condense and affected the economical, social structur and their globalization. At the era of information and the communications among the metropolitans in open national space or international levels through electroniv waves, so has changed the role and function of the metropolitanes.There is a fales open space in these large cities due to information technologies, micro electronic and distance communication. So the traffic function of the golobalization roles is observablr. The globalization has chosen the areas of metropolitanes as its focussed development and unified it in a world notework. These metropolitan are the center of information production of ideas and management (for generation, vast distribution in the world level) and the financial services has a great role. These cities are centers inmanagment. Production process without being a place for population and infact, the non-centered production is accompained with centered managment. This paper deals with the globalizaton process in respect to its many trend and the effects in urbanization in cities in developing countries in case study of tehran.

In consequence to the change in views and patterns of urban landuse planning. Fundamental wiews to landuse planning and approach to landuse shares and the way of its determination and use has been greatly changed. Thus, in this paper attempted has been made to first computer 14 urban landuse Zones of Esfahan with its entire city, Iran and the world using campo rig metod and the other hand, with the use of LQi spatial coefficient, spatial difference of landuse of entrer city was stutied and the weight of each landuse for entire city was assessed.

The investigation of current urban environmental conditions indicates an extraordinary destruction unsustainability status. The consequences of this unsustainable development invite many urban policy makers equipped with assessments techniques regarding urban environmental- ecological impacts.The major objective of this paper is to apply ecological footprint technique for measuring urban- environmental impacts and mutual human environment relations.This study suggests that London's EF and Santiago's is 5.3 and 2.6 ha respectively as opposed to world's figure (2.3). However, Tehran's EF is amounted to be 3.7 ha. This means that all of these metropolitans are in the state of unsustainability and dictate un proper urban management and governance.