Advances in Nursing and Midwifery
Year:2006 | Volume:16 | Issue:54|Papers Count:10

Organizational commitment is the connectivity of personnel to their organization showing their loyalty to it. It is a significant variable in understanding the behavior of them. Research shows that it affects on employees' performance and organizational outcomes such as desire to leave, sale, profit and absenteeism. Thus, it influences on organizational proficiency and productivity, amount and quality of services.Many factors can lead to this commitment including personal, occupational, organizational, and supra organizational factors. Nursing managers may enhance nurses' organizational commitment by understanding and cultivating commitment through adopting strategies such as sharing information, decreasing segregation, educating employees and providing job security for them. Despite the importance of this concept, it has not been studied systematically in Iran. Therefore, this article tries to discuss about organizational commitment and its improving ways to make nurses familiar with it.

During pregnancy, woman continues to be affected by the usual illnesses that the non-pregnant population faces. In addition, there are multiple conditions, some of which directly result from the pregnancy that may require pharmacologic therapy. Thus, the health care provider must be aware of appropriate pharmacologic therapy on the pregnant or lactating woman.This article reviews the risks associated with treatment of several of the most common disorders seen in the pregnant and lactating population including upper respiratory complaints, aches and pains, gastrointestinal problems, psychiatries illnesses, headaches and seizures.Teratology is the study of abnormal development or the production of defects in the fetus.Exposure to agents during first 2-3 weeks after conception is generally thought to have no effect or result in spontaneous loss (the "all-or-none" phenomenon). The period of susceptibility to teratogenic agents is classically thought to be from 3-8 weeks post conception or 10 weeks from the last menstrual period. Thus, the first trimester is the most critical time period for a teratogenic effect. After this, any effect will likely involve growth restriction or an affection the nervous system and gonadal tissue.Medical disorders requiring use of pharmacologic agent is common in pregnancy.Medications that pose a risk during pregnancy do not necessarily pose a risk during breastfeeding. Specific knowledge will allow proper treatment and avoid unnecessary maternal anxiety and undue risk.

Background: One of the great problems, which children and teenagers may face, at school ages, is vertebral column deformities. These congenital and growth skeletal deformities are common and are musculoskeletal potential problems in children and adolescence age. The deformities may involve the vertebral column curvature (lateral or posterior anterior), that appear in frontal surface in form of scoliosis, and in sagital surface, in form of lordosis and kiphosis.Objective: The main purpose of this study was to assess vertebral column (skeletal) disorders in 14-16 years old high school male students at Shaheed Beheshti Medical University and health services educational catchments areas, Tehran, Iran in 2005- 2006 and Provision of Related Strategies.Method: This is a descriptive research. The research units consisted 216 boys aged between 14-18 years old, from first to third grade, which were selected randomly from high schools, based on multistage sampling. The data collection tools were a questionnaire and an observation record sheet. The screening tests performed in this study were a back and lateral observation and forward bending test.Results: The results showed that 8.8 percent, 2.8 percent and 6.9 percent of the students in this research accordingly had scoliosis, Hyper lordosis and kiphosis. From the 8.8 percent of the students who had scoliosis, the deviation of 76 percent was on the right side.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the prevalence of vertebral column (skeletal) disorders was high, in comparison to other studies. Probable causes of the high prevalence of these disorders could be related to, inappropriate carrying and heavy weight of their bags, and inappropriate sitting while doing their homework.

Background: Pregnancy can affect on sleep pattern. About 2/3 of pregnant women complain of their sleep pattern. Besides having physical and psychological outcomes, the pattern can influence on labor and the type of delivery.Purpose: This cohort study was conducted to determine the relation between sleep disorders in the last month of pregnancy and the type of delivery.Methods: 139 subjects (59 women without sleep disorders and 85 with sleep disorders) were selected by sequential sampling method and followed until their delivery. A questionnaire, an observation form and a checklist were used for data collection.Results: Findings indicated that the chance of Cesarean section in women with sleep disorders were 2.7 times more than the other group (CI=0.83-8.5, RR = 2.7). However, Qui-square test showed no significant difference between the groups (p= 0.096).Conclusion: Sleep disorders have no effect on increasing Cesarean prevalence.

Background: Despite the explicit health warnings, large numbers of students continue to take up tobacco. To achieve significant long-term reductions in tobacco use and smoking-related death, the nature and scope of tobacco use in youths should be examined, the social, psychological, and marketing motives that influence young people in their decision to use tobacco products explored, and strategies and programs to prevent young people from becoming users developed.Purpose: This qualitative study was conducted to explore motives for cigarette smoking among high school students in Urmia with financial support of Pakan Association- a Nursing NGO- in 2005.Methods: Focus groups and questionnaires were used for data collection. 2360 students in four high schools in educational districts 1 and 2 at Urmia city were recruited at the first stage of sampling and their cigarette smoking patterns were determined. At the second stage, five focus groups, each with 6-10 participants, were formed at the schools by volunteer students. Sessions were taped and transcribed and the themes of discussions were elicited by content analysis approach.Results: Findings showed that the main motives of students for cigarette smoking included anger relief, curiosity, sense of dignity, fear of isolation, peer pressure, imitation, sense of joy, obstinacy, opposition to parents, lack of compassion in family, early love, unwanted stimulation of parents, smoking of family members, fight with loneliness, and opposition to social authorities.Conclusion: The major complaint of students was stringency of parents and an important motive for smoking was opposition to parents. Thus, strengthening compassion in families can somehow control smoking in youths.

Data collection is one of the important stages of research requiring valid and reliable instruments. Most of the time, researchers try to design questionnaires or translate valid and reliable instruments. In medical studies, researchers need to use translated instruments. The important issue in this regard is to consider some facts and the process that keeps the original concept and meaning of a questionnaire. In this way using questionnaires at different societies with different cultures would be useful.There are different methods to translate questionnaires with cross-cultural adaptation but, in Iran little evidence exists in this regard. In this article, a guideline for translation is presented. Stages of translation with cross-cultural adaptation include preparation, forward translation, reconciliation of forward translation, back translation of reconciliation, back translation review, cognitive debriefing and finalization, proof reading and final report, each discussed in detail.

Introduction: Gestational diabetes is defined as carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity at or during pregnancy. Approximately, %4 of pregnancies is affected by diabetes mellitus, %90 of which represent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Detection of risk factors in GDM may reduce the risk of complications. A new risk factor suggested is abnormal menstrual duration.Purpose: This case-control study was conducted to determine the relation between duration of menstruation and gestational diabetes in women referring to teaching hospitals at Tehran in 2005.Methods: 120 women (60 in case group with GDM and 60 in control group without GDM) referring to GDM and Prenatal Clinics in Shariati and Taleghani hospitals were selected by convenience sampling. An information form was completed by interview for data collection. Content and test re-test methods were used for validity and reliability respectively. Demographic characteristics and abnormal duration of menstruation as well as its etiology were compared between the groups. Those with the history of fetal macrosomia (weight >4500g), diabetes, diabetes in previous pregnancies, neonatal morbidity and mortality, recurrent abortion, smoking before or during pregnancy and preterm delivery were excluded from the study. The groups were matched in terms of their age, parity, body mass index, diabetes mellitus in their close relatives and the history of stillbirth or congenital anomalies.Results: Demographic characteristics and duration (%13.3 in the case and %5 in the control) as well as etiology of abnormal menstruation were similar between the groups (p=0.34). No significant relation was found between duration of menstruation and GDM.Conclusion: The relationship between duration of menstrual bleeding and gestational diabetes is disputable.