JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
Year:2003 | Volume:35 | Issue:3-4|Papers Count:23

In this article, the writer has provided information about the life and the literary personality of Seyed Sadroddin Hosseini, writer of Zobdatol Tavarikh (Best of History Books). Based on this information,gathered from all available sources, Seyed Sadroddin Hosseini was a statesman in the Khararzmshahiyan government. His job was to collect tax from Neishaboor. But later he resigned trom his post and began writing books. Among his books are: Zobdatol Tavarikh, Description of Proper Nouns in Nahjolbalagheh,He has also written another book, "The History of Eskandar",of which there is no trace.

The purpose of this article is to introduce a new approach which can help determine the semantic universals.To this end, the writer first explains what is meant in linguistics by universals and how it is possible to find tools for determining such universals. The writer then explains various views on the concept of linguistic universals, specially referring to those views expressed on semantic universals. Finally, having reviewed these views, the writer presents a new approach for understanding semantic universals.

The question discussed in this article is why "The History of Beyhaghi", basically a history book, is now studied as a literary work. To answer the question, the writers, discussing certain definitions of history and literature,argue that historical accounts cannot express the truth both because of the historians partiality and because of the nature of languageas a variable phenomenon. Although history, concerned with the truth, and literature,made of imagination,are different in nature, what brings them close to each other is the fact that they can both be interpreted. What makes "The History of Beyhaghi" a literary work, the writers argue, is its beautiful language.The writers then bring examples of the book to support this point.

In this article the writer has discussed the following question: the necessity of establishing ideal cultural standards in the following areas: the equality of the rights of all citizens, boosting the public welfare, respecting human dignity, guarding individual freedom; observing social discipline, protecting the environment, advocating the partnership of all people in political and social issues with the aim of realizing human and sustainable development in the civil society.The writer has also touched upon the keys concepts of culture, urbanization, sustainable development,discussing the relationship between them.

The purpose of this article is to answer one question: What method is used in the Iranian tradition of translating literature?The nature of the question is such that the answer to the question is descriptive, not prescriptive. The method is based on two principles: the first principle guarantees that the translation is a literary piece; the second principle guarantees that it is a translation.A literary translation is the result of two tendencies: a tendency toward stability; that is, establishing formal correspondences with the original text; and the tendency toward change; that is, creating semantic resemblances with the original by making changes at various lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels. The literary translator keeps shifting between the two tendencies. What makes translators different is the power t recognize where to keep the original and where to change the original; in other words, how to create a balance between the two principles.

There are three versions of Salaman and Absal with various interpretations.Jami has written in verse the version of Honein Ibn Eshagh and lbn Sina, and like Khajeh Nasir, has interpreted it. Except for some minor differences,Jamis version is similar to the Greek version of Honein Ibn Eshagh. His interpretation is also similar to the philosophical interpretation of Khajeh Nasir, and has a strong philosophical and moral tone. In modem times, Henry Corban has interpreted the book from a mystical-psychological point of view and criticized Khajeh Nasirs interpretation. In addition to these philosophical and psychological interpretation, the writer of the present article has tried to trace other psychological elements in the story.

The word Tavii has appeared seventeen times in the Quran, and it has been defined variously. According to Nasir Khosrow and Esmailism, Tavil is the unveiling of the esoteric meanings of a word. After adoption of EsmaiIism, Nasir Khosrow engaged in esoteric exegesis of Quranic verses and traditions in his prose and verse. This article is a description of the various aspects of esoteric exegesisas practiced by Nasir Khosrowin his works.

One of the figures of speech Mowlavi uses in his poetry is the allegory. He often included contextual clues in his poems which, ambiguous as they are, recall a story to the mind of the reader,and the purpose of the poet is, in fact, to tell this very fact. The best example of this technique occurs when Mowlavi talks about Hallaj. The most obvious contextual clues about Hallaj, which is his well-known divinely inspired utterance, attracts the readers attention to the most important aspects of his life and his mystic states. In this articlethe writer shEds light on the various aspects of Hallajs life by decoding Mowlavis allegory.

Symbolism is a refined and sophisticated method by which the artist expresses his thoughts in art forms.One of the basic themes of mysticism,which has given rise to symbols in mysticism, is the need to God almighty as the true beloved. Salaman and Absal, a symbolic work by Jami, is an attempt to describe parts of mans ethical and human dimensions. This article presents a yet different interpretation of this symbolic story.

resaleh ghosheyriyeh, written by Abolghasem Ghosheyri in the 5th century AH, is, no doubt, among the most valuable sources of Islamic Sufism. In this book, in addition to a great number of Quranic verses, traditions and the sayings of mystics, there are over 180 lines of poems. Except for a small number of these poems whose poets have been mentioned either explicitly or implicitly, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the source has not been mentioned. In this article, the writer introduces the sources of some of these poems, which indicates that Ghosheyri, in additionto the poems of sufis and non-sufis,has borrowed lines from the poets writing in the period of paganism before Islam

In the dictionaries of most languages, there are words.of Persian origin. This is due to the cultural richness and the historical antiquity of Persian. Some of these words have been borrowed directly, and some indirectly;that is through a third language. In the case of German, there are over 40000 foreign words. In this article, the writer tries to briefly introduce some of those words that have a Persianorigin.

One of the accusations leveled against Sufis is that they are libertarian and that they believe in the liberty of indifference. Drawing on authentic Islamic sources, the writer traces the question in the Islamic Sufism.

Arabic is admittedly among the few rich languages of the world. In spite of its richness, however, Arabic tends toward concision and avoids periphrasis, so much so that concision is often referred to as the adornment of the Quran, In this article, the writer discusses the decorum of concision and metaphor and the relationship between the two. The purpose is to show where the border between the two lies.

Human language is among the most sophisticated communication systems ever studied by researches. This system may be studied from various aspects including structures and functions. The structure of language, in turn, may be studied from various aspects. In this article, the writer describes part of the sentence structure;that is, pre-modifiers of the noun phrase. The writer first presents a brief review of the literature on the subject, then classifies a certain group of pre-modifiers; that is, quantifiers.The writer does rot commit herself to any of the current linguistic theories, but uses the findings of linguistic studies in her description. The corpus of the research consists of the data collected from spoken language and magazines

In all Persian dictionaries, the word rum-i has been defined as a relative adjective. In this article, drawing upon a line from Taher Ibn Fazl Choghani,a brief passage from the book "The Gift of the Muslim Scholar", Khorassan local dialects and some other sources,the writer defines the word as an alloy of copper and zinc, copper and tin or copper and lead. No dictionary as made a reference to this etymological probability.To prove this, the writer has explored the word brass in various sources and mentioned its types, so that he may prove that rum-i is, in fact, the yellow and golden alloy of brass.

The artists withdrawal from their society is one of the controversial issues of the 20th century literature. This paper is an attempt to shed light on some of the factors involved, including the reasons and the results of this deliberate withdrawal. The reactions of the modern and post-modern writers in English and American literature elicit the truth that while the social circumstances of modern time pushed them to feel themselves as outsiders, the 20tth century men of letters applied different strategies to build up a bridge to communicate with their people. However, the gap between the artist and their people became increasingly deeper at each attempt, so much so that most post-modern works were condemned as "too complicated to be appreciated"; they are so "private" that they may be entitled "the literature of the elite."

Contrastive linguistics, depending on the tenets of behavioral psychology concerning the effects of mother tongue habits on learning a foreign language, identifies the difficulties of second language learners and provides solutions. In this article the writer compares and contrasts the written, phonetic, morphological and grammatical systems and structures of Persian and Arabic, identifying the difficulties of learning Persian for speakers of Arabicas well as the difficulties of learning Arabic for speakers of Persian.

After it was conquered by Muslims, Spain experienced periods of development in the various areas of Islamic culture and civilization.Arabic poetry was not left unaffected and in certain areas it surpassed the Arabic verse in the native Arab lands. In this article, the writer introduces a verse form known as movashshah (adorned), which originated in Spain. The writer first briefly introduces the subject matter of this verse from, then defines its literal meaning and finally, quoting various opinions about its origin,proves that it was originated in Spain.

The theory of audibility reduction based on auditory judgment suggests that the vowels in the nucleolus of the syllable have the highest audibility, and as we move toward the border of the syllable, the audibility decreases. This theory is related to the syllables with more than one consonant in the border of the syllable; that is, the syllables with consonant clusters. The writer arguesthat Pahlavi is an appropriate case to test the theory.

This article is a critical analysis of the views expressed on the role and position of education is socio-economic inequities.To do so, the writer introduces the views of functional and contrast theories. The article mainly deals with the theories of social reproduction and cultural reproduction expressed by the latter group.

The purpose of this study was to identity the factors involved in the political partnership of youth. To this end, a questionnaire, containing political, economic and social questions was devised and distributed among 680 young persons in,the city of Shiraz in 1998.The following variables were found to be significant:friends with political interests; membership in various organizations, interest in political programs; families with political interests; religious interests; sex, interest in making decisions related to ones place of work. Based on the pattern emerging in this study, which is compatible with that found in many previous researches, those unmarried,those employed by the government,those with a higher education show more interest in political questions than those married, the self-employed and those with low education respectively.

This article deals with the roots of the events before and after the second world war in Europe, specially in Italy and Germany which resulted in the political systems of Fascism and National Socialism.The writer then describes the characteristics of the two political systems

Given the importance of the question of immigration in developing countries, there,is a vast literature in this regard. Most of these countries suffer from the consequences of immigration. The main question is: What should be done to prevent immigration?This article discusses successful policies adopted in certain developing countries to control the problem. The successful countries are those that adopt policies such as regional and integrated rural development.