Ethics in Science and Technology
Year:2015 | Volume:10 | Issue:3|Papers Count:17

Background: The subject of “value(s)” was and will be an important subject in the Philosophical Investigations. There are various aspects related to the topic of “Value(s)”, which can be considered as a subject of philosophical inquiry. The present article focuses on how individuals achieve those moral values. Typically, institutions such as the family, religion and education play an important role in acceptance of values by individuals. The subject will be investigated here, is the major role of educational institution in the moral development. This paper will review values clarification approach that is widely used in many countries for students’ moral education, and then will examine its philosophical roots, and at the end critiques this approach.Conclusion: Studies show values clarification approach tries to help people to get rid Confusion in choosing values and achieving skills necessary to make decisions in life. This approach is influenced by the views of Dewey’s Pragmatism, Piaget’s Developmental Psychology, Rogers’ client centered approach and Existentialism. This approach will be criticized because of discussing superficial matters in many cases, not providing an adequate definition of value, and having relativistic view about values.

Background: Guarantee of property rights increases economic freedom and prevent moral hazards in the community. In order to achieve development, it is seriously felt paying attention to restoration and preparation of necessary substrates including justice system and economic which leads from lack of economic ethics. Fix the violation of property rights will not be possible to link the growing in line with practical motives of economic development unless increasing bond economic ethic. This study tries to answer the question, what reasons would have been successful in securing property rights and what variables affect the quality of the provision is effective for property rights in the community.Conclusion: When property rights are guaranteed to create a framework in which ensure the individual property to their assets and deprived of prevented by others and provides in society a structure to maintain the people’s confidence in the future to ensure ownership of their assets by people’s expectations about their property rights and assets. In these circumstances, any variable that is theoretically cause the individual property rights should be violated or that the expectation of people affected by the decline in confidence reduce to the economic activity of desire to contract may interpreted considered to violate property rights and Cause moral hazard and risk taking on the increase.

Background: This article tries to clarify the possible relationship between morals and politics. There are about four viewpoints among scientists: separation among politics and moral, moral follows politics, two levels of moral and politics and unity of politics and moral. First one has a clear symbol: Machiavelli, he considers the entrance of moral into politics as Prohibited and dangerous for politics and thinks this is a reason for politics failure. The third one is generally rejected and has not a lot of followers since this case does not consider any prime identification for moral. The third one accepts the moral principles for politics but at the same times believes that personal moral should be different than politic moral. And the fourth theory considers both politics and moral as practical philosophy which are value oriented philosophies and there is a unity among them in which it is possible to consider moral as personal politics and politics as social morality.Conclusion: According to categorizations and presented definitions, it is shown in this article for those politic regimes with the main aim is gain power there is no consistence between morality and politics and there is positive and consistent relation between morality and politics if and only if the aim of politic regime is human happiness. If so, there could be an honest politic that it is consistent with morality. For Islamic viewpoint and also the ophilosophers and ancient philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, they consider right politics based on morality which seek human happiness and politic regimes minus morality has no destination except dictatorship and spoil.

Background: Judgment of people about ethical or unethical to work has considerable influence on the quantity and quality of their word as well as organizational success. Given the reliance of social capital on the relationship between people and undeniable impact of moral intelligence in this study, it investigates the relationship between moral intelligence and social capital in the organizations.Method: This study is descriptive-correlation. Statistical population includes managers and employees of the organizations 637. Among all, 257 people by using stratified random sampling responded to the questionnaire. Moral intelligence and social capital are measured by two standard questionnaires. The Pearson correlation, path analysis and Friedman test used for analyzing data.Results: Results show that there is significant and direct relationship between moral intelligence and social capital.Conclusion: One of the factors affecting social capital is moral intelligence. Moral intelligence also affect on all components building social capital. Finally, with respect to the research results, applicable suggestions were proposed for other researchers and organization managers.

Background: Parental online consent as a plan for ethical considerations and protection role is used to protect the online privacy of children. In this paper, we have presented a new privacy-enhancing artifact called parental online consent, which has been designed as a prototype for protecting children’s privacy online.Methods: This study is a descriptive survey. Population of study includes parents with children under the age of 14. To select participants, we contacted religious groups, sporting associations, and parent-teacher associations from different geographical areas. Among all targeted population, 76 participants were chosen as sample group. Data were collected by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by a computerized program and Kohen coefficient.Results: Results show that the parental online consent plan is easy to use and all parents can use this program.Conclusion: Parental online consent has the real potential to lead parents having less information about their children’s activities. Moreover, children who are more willing to share information with their parents tend to be better adjusted, and less likely to engage in risky behavior on-line.

Background: The importance and necessity of ethics is increasing in educational organizations. This study conducted to predict job satisfaction based on the ethical dimensions of the organization.Method: This study is descriptive-correlative. Population is consisted all male high school teachers of Mashhad in 2013-2014 that 307of all were selected by using sample size and cluster sampling. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple regression analysis and ANOVA test.Results: The results show that from the atmosphere components of ethical, the highest correlation of job satisfaction with organizational regulations of the components was in the moral sphere (r =0.43, p<0.05). Also, satisfaction component from supervisor had the highest correlation to job satisfaction (r =0.41, p<0.05). 38% of the variance in job satisfaction is explained through ethical atmosphere of the organization (b=0/43). The last two findings suggested that there was a significant difference between the moral sphere and job satisfaction on the basis of their teaching experience (p <0.05).Conclusion: It can be suggested that attention to ethical dimensions in education organization lead to the increase of job satisfaction.

Background: Green features include three components: social responsibility, environmental sensitivity and ethical issues. This research was conducted with the purpose of analyzing content of the vision and mission of top Iranian and global companies in order to determine their attention to green issues.Method: This research was conducted with qualitative approach and library method. Statistical population includes Iranian and global top companies. Sample of study consists of 100 top Iranian companies and 100 top global companies. The top 100 companies listed by the Ministry of Industries and Mines in 2012 were selected as top Iranian companies. Also, the top 100 companies listed by Fortune Magazine in 2012 were considered as top foreign companies and by referring to company’s website, their mission and vision statements were achieved. Content analysis method was used to analyze the collected data.Results: Analysis of companies’ information showed that Iranian companies have paying little attention to the green feature in developing their vision statement. Also in developing mission statement, Iranian companies have paying attention only to social responsibility. As well as top global companies only have considered the issue of social responsibility in developing mission and vision statement and have not enough attention to environmental and ethical issues.Conclusions: Results show that social responsibility was studied in this research has been paying more attention and ethical and environmental issues are not getting enough attention.

Background: Ethical leadership represents the leader’s proactive efforts to influence followers’ ethical and unethical behavior and Follower work attitudes such as perceived organizational support, affective commitment and normal behaviors. The purpose of this research was to test the relationship of ethical leadership and ethical context with affective commitment that mediating the role of perceived organizational support.Method: The method of current study was descriptive-correlation. Population of this research includes all of the employees of Karun Oil and Gas Producing Company. The sample consists of 300 employees of KOGPC who were selected by stratified random sampling method. The instruments which used in this study were Ethical Leadership Questionnaire (10 items), Ethical Context Scale (5 items), Perceived Organizational Support Survey (8 items) and affective commitment Scale (8 items). Fitness of the proposed model was examined through structural equation modeling (SEM), using SPSS-19 and AMOS-18 software packages. The indirect effects were tested using the bootstrap procedure.Results: Results indicated that ethical leadership and ethical context both directly and indirectly through the mediation of perceived organizational support had a relationship with affective commitment.Conclusion: According to these results perception of ethical leadership and ethical context through perceived organizational support can affect mainly on employee’s positive work attitudes such as affective commitment, job motivation and productive behaviors. We expect ethical leadership to be related to positive follower attitudes because of ethical leaders’ honesty, trustworthiness, caring and concern for employees and other people, and their fair and principled decision-making.

Background: Ethics includes interesting, human relation and cooperation in work. Creativity is an attempt to make a subjective change in organization. Present research Investigate the relationship between work ethic and creativity of employees.Method: This study is an applicable research that it uses descriptive-correlation method. Population of study includes 50 employees of Shahrood Cement Company. Sample of study consists all of the population. Data were collected by creativity and work ethics questionnaire. Obtained data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and ANOVA.Results: Interest and cooperation in work have significant correlation. Working diligently and human relations have no significant relation with creativity.Conclusion: It can be concluded that with focusing on interesting and cooperation in work, the creativity can be increased.

Background: In today’s world, with development of communications, realizing the concept of the global village and the disappearance of borders between nations, ethics has been proposed as an important strategic factor in the survival of organizations and the whole of humanity. The purpose of this study is examining the impact of gender on five ethical philosophies.Method: This research is descriptive. The statistical population that includes 778 Students of business administration at Islamic Azad University in Rasht branch and the sample size is based on Morgan’s Table, 226 students were assigned, then 330 questionnaires were distributed and 301 questionnaires were collected. For data analysis, t-test was utilized.Results: The results show that the entire main and secondary research hypothesis was rejected with the 95% confidence interval. Results show that relativism (scenario B) with 1.1078 has highest average and Utilitarian (scenario A) with 0.0378 has the lowest average of ethical philosophy between business administration students at Islamic Azad University of Rasht Branch.Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be said that women are not more ethical than men and the general belief that said women are more ethical than men, isn’t conclusive.

Background: Considering the strategic plans of university ethics is a priority, and ignoring it gives a lot of damage. Universities require continuous and effective promotion of ethics in all elements in order to institutionalize ethics in their organizational culture. Professional ethics in university protects the individual and collective well-being among students and the rape to it can hurt student’s ability to learn. So, the aim of this study is to investigate the status of teaching function of faculty in order to understand the current situation and identify the factors that affect the promotion of professional ethics.Method: The research method is survey –descriptive and the statistical population of the study includes the students of Payam-e- Noor University of Kerman. 230 students have been selected by Morgan’s formula as the sample of this research by using stratified random sampling. Measurement tool is a questionnaire that it is made by authors. To describe the data, descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients are used.Results: There is a relation between all of the components of the educational ethics with the function of faculty except critical issues, dual relationship with students and respect to the location of training.Conclusion: Most components of the moral in teaching have been done by faculty. This enhances the effectiveness of training, performance, and better and more effective learning of students.

Background: Total quality management is the approach to continuous quality improvement of products and services through the participation of all levels. Despite the fact that the basic ethics and corporate ethics are the most important factors, they are influencing total quality management performance. Unfortunately, most of the literature of total quality management are ignored them. The present paper aims to investigate the role of corporate ethics to improve the performance of total quality management and eliminate gaps between expectations and perceptions in employees and managers.Method: This research is practical and the method of this research is descriptive- correlation. The populations of the research are the personnel of Investment Company of National Development group (232 staffs) and the sample size based on Cochran formula is 145 staffs witch selected by random sampling. Path analysis and structural equation modeling are used for testing the research model.Results: Research model that includes the nine hypotheses were confirmed and all research hypotheses were confirmed. Based on significant coefficients of the model were determined that taking into account ethical considerations has a positive impact on all three dimensions of TQM and also these three dimensions have a positive impact on the outcomes of corporate ethics.Conclusion: The results show that the fundamental values of TQM must first be created on the ethical principles of corporate ethics principles until the methods and tools used in the implementation of total quality management improved and leading to coordination of expectations and perceptions between managers and employees and eliminate the ethical problem gap.