Year:2006 | Volume:25 | Issue:3 (48) |Papers Count:17

Rhetoric is the criterion or the standard of judgment for the evaluation of discourse and the beauty of language. Arabs in the pre-Islamic era were aware of and talked about literary criticism, but they have not left any written document of their criticism. After the rise of Islam and the revelation of the Quran, which is a divine miracle and unique as an example of eloquence and clarity, Iranians became the pioneers in rhetoric and many other branches of language. Metonymy is one of the most extensive arguments in rhetoric. Metonymy or the knowledge of the beauty of language is significant in Farsi, Arabic and many Western languages: To Europeans, metonymy has a broad meaning including all figures of speech, and linguists have talked about it very extensively. Metonymy, in its Islamic and Iranian sense, is of two kinds: rational and literal. Literal metonymy has its own subdivisions. Examples of metonymy from the Persian poetry up to the fifth century are given to inform the reader that in spite of the greatness of the Quran and the influence of Arabic rhetoric on Farsi, Iranian poets had their own aesthetic invention, eleganance of speech, critical mind and sound taste suggested by old idioms such as 'Farsi is Sugar".

Individual and social pathology such as deviation, fault, anomie, disorder, etc. are the subjects which people and communities have been struggling with in every age. Different pathologies in different ages are due to the social changes that have taken place. These pathologies have always interested many scholars, so that contemporary sociologists have also paid attention to them. They are found in the poems and writings of great poets and writers. In this study some vital subjects like normal and abnormal phenomenon, relativity of these pathologies, their origin, social disorganization, labeling theory. social control and social acceptance and issues like bribery avarice, cupidity and misdeed are discussed and examples are brought from the works of great Persian writers. It is tried to answer some of the questions such as the ro1cof pathology in sociology and Persian literature, what are the normal and the informal and functions and consequences of labeling? What harms does bribery do to the society? What are different kinds of supervision?

Quranic verses are the sources of the sayings of the wise. Quranic stories such as the .story of Khidr and the prophet Moses (PBUH) have always been of interest to the mystics; their in-depth look at this story has led to different interpretation. The scholars consider it allegorical and symbolic and have tried to unravel its many different meanings. In this paper different viewpoints regarding this story are analyzed.

Jalal Al-e Ahmad and Simin Daneshvar are two Persian writers who had two different view points before marriage while after marriage their views were similar yet they had different styles and outlooks. In this paper the differences and similarities between these two writers are discussed. First the differences between experiences and view points are mentioned: then their technique and styles are analyzed. Similar subjects and experiences are also discussed.

Each literary genre has its own stylistic characteristics and knowing these characteristics leads to a better understanding of the text. This paper is a study of stylistic characteristic of Khaqhani's satires from his voluminous Divan from a literary lexical and semantic point of view. Some of the satires are studied according to structuralists views. This paper may serve as a basis for the study of satires of other poets and an introduction towards a stylistic understanding of satire in Persian literature.

Farabi is one of the pioneers of social philosophy who proposed the theory of utopian society in the Islamic world. The researcher attempts to compare socials view of Sa'di with principles of Farabi's utopia. Farabi evaluates utopia within the general order of the universe and considers reaching perfection and happiness as the goal of such a utopia. In this utopia, the prophet is the most suitable person to rule and in his absence, the Imam. If there is no Imam, a council of the wise one of which should be a philosopher must run the society. But Sa'di is after establishing equality and eradication of oppression. Anybody who is religious and just can be the leader of the society. The duty of the ruler in this society is to keep safety, peace, justice and generosity.

The modem world has changed greatly. The contemporary human being of the modem world has fresh tastes and looks for art and literature reflecting his/her present genuine life. The poets, who have not attended to this obvious necessity, are no doubts, not the offspring of their time. Simin Behbahani (born in 1306) is a contemporary modernist lyric poet who, gradually moved away from the traditions of the past Persian poetry to modernism. In her first poems, the manifestations of the modem life and its relevant phenomena have been presented to a lesser degree in a comparatively more superficial, raw and traditional way. However, her latest collection, with its rich poems and firm structure, truely reflects the various manifestations of the modem life. In some of these poems, there remain no elements adapted from the classic poetry--except for rhythm and rhyme.

One of the romantic Poems of Persian Literature is mathnavi of "Jamal and Jalal" by Mohammad Nazlabad, the poet of the ninth century. Recently, University Publication Center has published this unique manuscript. This poem has several romantic, symbolic, mytic, folkloric and tri cheur motifs, yet it has not been mentioned as alluded to in manuscripts and Dr. Poornamdarian has not refored to it in his analysis of symbolic stories. This study is the first to introduce the poem. It is been concluded that the poet must be Mohammad Amin Nazlabadi who has also written Bahram and Golandam.

Height of eloquence in writing is very difficult to attain and many a writer has expressed a wish to do so. Sublimity has been the desire of all from ancient times; it has been stated that it is not acquired but like beauty which is a gift from God, sublime rhetoric is divine (Hali). Many elements must meet to achieve at language which is eloquent. An important element is the demand of the occasion and rhetoric's has been devoted to it. In this essay different definitions of this subject are discussed with the help of great writers such as Sadi, Hafez, Mawlavi, Baihaqi, and Onsor al-Maali. The aim has been to look at the subject in a new way keeping in mind some new literary theories such as "death of the author", "reader-response theory", "hermeneutics"and "postmodemism".

The truth Golestan is after to represent, along with the narrative structure it employs, has, in fact, made it completely different (distinct) from other didactic books and moral stories prevalent in Persian literature. The present study is an attempt to analyze and discuss the above-mentioned aspects, as well as Golestan's other narrative features, such as the 'howness' of the narrator's presence and the relationship between the narrator and actor. This involves special attention to be paid to the 'point of view' employed in narrative structures and different kinds of narrators, which are of five types: a) Omniscient Point of View b) Objective Point of View c) Limited Omniscient Point of View d) First Person Narrator e) Observer First Person Narrator The findings of the study reveal that the first type of narrator, i.e., Omniscient Point of View is the most frequent narrator while First Person Narrator who acts a special role in the story is the least frequent one used in the first seven parts of Golestan (Bab 1 to Bab 7). Moreover, it is proved that the 'point of view' used in each story has a meaningful relationship with the theme of each story.

Sa'di has a multi-faceted character. One aspect of his comprehensive character is his knowledge of details of legal provisions as soon in various tales of Gulestan in prose and verse. In arranging these tales, Sa'di shows his familiarity with legal provisions. He has been able to present puce religious legal provisions within the framework of attractive verse and prose. Some of the topics he uses are: enjoin the good, prohibitions, stealing, vows and endowments, and regard for kinship. Sa'di has portrayed the risky affair of enjoying the good and prohibition against kings through the sayings of vezirs, kind advices, prayers of dervishes and ironies of the virtuous. He has also used short passage of prose and verse to disuses stealing and giving lashes, stealing endowed belongings, conditions of proper endowment, acting out vows and regard kinship.

In this article, number system in the Persian noun category is discussed and analyzed from different linguistic aspects; that is, typologic, syntactic, semantic and morphological. This article seems to be the first in dealing with Persian noun number from almost all aspects of linguistic behaviour. The analysis has led us to several interesting points which, perhaps, are presented for the first time in this paper and are listed in the conclusion.

Divan Khaqani presents plenty of religious themes. The greatness of his poetry originating from his religious beliefs reminds the reader of an ocean whose waves are the artistic application of such beliefs. The story of the life of the Prophet Moses has been used in Khaqani's Divan many times. Topics such as Moses's birth, growing up at the court of the pharaoh, his prophethood, inviting the pharaoh to accept true religion and later on fighting against him-all of the stories which have been mentioned in the Qur'an, commentaries and stories about Moses-are used by Khaqani; sometimes more than one allusion is used in one line of his poem. As Khaqani is a creative and innovative poet and a master of his art, his use of such themes are so beautifully applied so that it is almost unprecedented in Persian poets. In this essay samples of these themes are brought and analyzed to show the beauty of Khaqani' s technique.

There is already a massive literature on Islamic mysticism; however, some areas of Islamic mysticism have left sadly unexplored. One of these areas definitely concerns the emergence of Islamic mysticism the investigation of the emergence processes of Islamic mysticism will put us in a better position to understand the evolution of mystical principles in Islamic tradition. To this end, we need to study the ideas and practices of mystical saints, such studies illustrate how some basic principles of Islamic mysticism have been developed. One of the mystical figures from earlier stages, whose ideas and practices have not received due attention, is Salmeh Ibn Dinar. The current paper then, aims to study practices of this influential mystic (Abn Hazem) showing that in what ways he exerted the development of Islamic mysticism.

Nahjolbalaga, a selection of speeches of Imam Ali (PBUH), is a great source for theology and the best guide for salvation of man and his perfection after the holy Qur'an. Everybody can pick something from this great sea of knowledge and enrich himself. Imam Ali's sayings are an: glory, punishment, epic, threat, vilification, elegy, description, eulogy, prayer, wisdom and complaint. In this paper "complaint" is analyzed; the origin of this word and its derivations are discussed. The derivatives of this word and used twice in the Qur'an and thirteen times in Nahjolbalagha.

Phoenix is one of the most meaningful symbols in Persian literature, philosophy and mysticism. Many great mystics and philosophers have used this symbol in developing very fine concepts. As a result, there are many different aspects and interpretations of Phoenix. In this paper different aspects and manifestations of Phoenix as used in mythology, philosophy, mysticism and mystical journeys have been analyzed. The spiritual similarities with the principles of studying Imams in Twelve-Imam Shi'ism are discussed. The paper also presents mystic anthropology through a common approach to Islamic studies, philosophy and mystical literature.