AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS: IRANIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS (ECONOMICS AND AGRICULTURE JOURNAL)
Year:2016 | Volume:10 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:14

Today most people believe that news affects the market and due to the progress in technology, detail of global and local events reflected on the top of market activities. In this context, the aim of this study is evaluation of the news effect on price volatility of the major food groups including: meat, cereals and bread, oils and fats, dairy and eggs in Iran. So, non-linear GARCH type models were applied using monthly consumer price index data from April 2002 to March 2015. We carry out the EGARCH, GJR-GARCH, TGARCH, SAGARCH, PGARCH, NGARCH, APGARCH and NPGARCH models to describe asymmetric effects of news. Results revealed the EGARCH (1, 1) for meat, GJR-GARCH (1, 1) for cereals and bread, TGARCH (1, 1) for oils and fats and GJR-GARCH (1, 1) for dairy and birds eggs were, best model. The a+b parameters, as stability measure, for all four food groups are higher than 0.91, which indicates stability of news effect on cereals and bread market is more than other groups. In other words, impact of releases news (shocks) decays slowly and gradually and it can be concluded that there is long- term effect on major food group’s prices. Therefore it is recommended that the policy-makers and economists pay based on need and without positive and negative direction news, so that the news spread in the food market, particularly cereals and bread groups.

The problem of climate change is one of the important world's environmental challenges that its speed were grown by increasing in emissions of greenhouse gases. The decreasing in rainfall, which is known consequences of climate change, affects on agriculture sector. In this study, for investigation of impact of rainfall reduction on important product’s supply and trade, information were collected from Metrological Organization, FAO, Statistics Organization and Iranian Agricultural Organization in period 1390-1360 for apple, potato, pistachio and date as exported products, and wheat, soybean and tea as imported products. For this regard, the supply and demand functions were estimated for these products with utilization of seemingly unrelated regression. Then, the functions of supply and demand, the quantity and value of export and import and trade balance were simulated, in six scenarios, with @ Risk software by using Monte-Carlo simulation approach to determine the effect of rainfall reduction on production and trade. The study results showed that the supply of wheat more and apples less than other products were decreased by reduction of rainfall, and in trade sector the export quantity and value of potato and the import quantity and value of soybean were showed, respectively, the most and the least reactivations to reduction of rainfall. In addition, the trade balance of products was negative, and its negative growth was intensified by reduction of rainfall. Therefore, the increase in production in agriculture sector and conservation of water is recommended.

Medicinal plants can play an important role in the prevention of various diseases and increasing non-oil exports. Prevent degradation of resources and the environment, adapt to climate conditions in Iran, massive potential in terms of production, employment and exports, are some benefits of planting medicinal plants. Because one of the ways of increasing planting of medicinal herbs is increasing consumption, domestic and international marketing and exports medicinal plant products, in this study, we investigated the factors influencing the consumption of medicinal products. Identifying factors influencing the consumption of these products can be a guide for producers, processors and marketers to provide this route in better production planning and market use. Data for this study gathered through questionnaires from 384 customer of these products in Mashhad by using simple random sampling in 2014. Research done with using ordered Logit regression model and our results shows that variables such as diversity of production, income and number of household members, properties and effectiveness, brand, label, packaging, culture index and the index of consultation and advertising are meaningful. Therefore, for increasing the consumption of these products, marketing tools such as packaging, creating a prestigious brand, advertising and counseling can be effective.

The issue of food security via meat and animal protein, is considered as one of the main concerns for developing countries’ food security. Regarding this issue, transportation, as the most important part of supply chain, contains 10% of marginal price. Matters regarding this issue, especially for metropolitans like Tehran, could be of great importance for perishable goods’ transportation, such as poultry meat. This study aimed to investigate the structure of supply chain of poultry meat in Tehran, case study Tehran's governmental markets. In this regard, 19 provinces supplier of live chickens, 100 slaughterhouse, two wholesale markets and 141 retail markets were considered. Linear programming models were considered to simulate the case study during the year 2013 (1392). The results revealed that operating under the optimized transportation pattern, from production sites to slaughterhouses, and from slaughter sites to whole sale markets, and finally from whole sale markets to retail markets, will cause the transportation costs to reduce by 0.3, 9.8, and 25.2 percent per month, respectively. Following the developed pattern will also lead to 211.94, 62.44, and 54.37 billion Rials reduction in transportation cost in any stage, respectively. Thus, it is recommended that, Tehran’s municipality, due to implementation of stabilization- encouraging policies, enhanced the current supply chain conditions to an optimal one.

During the recent years, the role and the importance of the small and medium enterprises in developed countries and also in developing countries, has been increasing. Small and medium enterprises are regarded among the most vital and fundamental units that are active in modern societies that by using correct programming and proposing supportive and supervising strategies over small and medium enterprises, not only we can solve a large portion of unemployment problem and providing job opportunities but also it helps increase national exports and production. Therefore in Iran in fall of 2005 the developing plan for economical early return and entrepreneur enterprises, employment and increasing the new job opportunities was authorized by council of ministers and was executed in winter in the same year. So that in the current research, we studied the challenges of the small and medium enterprises of agricultural sector in Kurdistan province. Based on the research and library studies, field studies and interviews made with the people in charge of small and medium enterprises in Kurdistan province, the most important problems of small and medium enterprises were studied using questionnaires. Statistical research society includes the small and medium enterprises of Kurdistan province which were 6945 units in 2015. The study samples were 382 people which were selected based on random sampling. The results of statistical studies show that small and medium enterprises of Kurdistan province have many internal and external problems and challenges. Also the facilities and financial and non- financial supports of these enterprises in the four fields of financial, technical, marketing and management were inadequate.

Climate change from the previous period there have been, in recent decades, due to the intensification of human activities have created international concern and its effect on agricultural production worldwide. In this study, the combined data (panel) and the dynamic OLS (DOLS) was used to estimate. The results showed that temperature until the temperature returns over the long term, the positive impact and it has had a negative effect on the performance of cotton, the threshold temperature of 17.29°C, The weather temperature in long-term elasticity of 0.21% is obtained, ie, at constant average annual temperature averages if the other conditions of a percent increase, the average performance of cotton during the period under review 0.21% increase. In short model coefficient estimates ecm (-1), equivalent to -0.46 obtained show that in the period 0.46 amount of variables to converge to wards the long-run equilibrium. Finally, it is suggested to prevent temperature rise of human interference in nature (such as destroying pastures and forests) prevent and to deal with increasing temperature is recommended varieties resistant to temperature or change cropping pattern should be used.

Fluctuations in food prices are one of the challenges of the economic history of Iran that had resentment among all groups of the population and Followed challenging the authorities and the authorities have been seeking. Thus, the stability and regulation of market equilibrium prices of these products and creating permanent prices are traditional concern of policy makers. Always Meat product had been the most important and essential products for Iranian society. In present research, demand functions of Meat products estimated in urban region of Mazandaran province in term of 1988-2013. After coefficient test, results denoted that between the four systems demand IROOT, CBS, AIDS and INBR, only the inverse demand system NBR (INBR) is consistent with research data. Results show that INBR system is compatible system according to data. Also compensatory and non-compensatory cross elasticity’s show that all type of meat are substitution. According to Scale elasticity, Beef is a Luxury product and Chicken and Aquatic Meat are normal and essential product.

Squares and markets of a day, as a supply centre for daily needs of citizen, are components of network services in the city of Tehran. Their transmittal, appropriate structure and utilizing diversity, for consideration of social, economic, cultural and environment, are very important; that it should be considered in city management. In this study with the use of scientific methods, comments professinals, experiments experts and analytical hierarchy model, positioning indices are priorized in the city of Tehran. Results showed that, 6 main indices are collected: 1-Land ownership 2- Land area 3- Parking lot 4- Accesibility 5- Compatibility and proximity and 6- hierarchy and centralization. Azadi square with obtaining 0.961 score, has the highest rating between 186 positions. After that Sadeghieh and Jalal-al-ahmad squares are with 0.913 score. Markets of a day (Vali-asr and Atlas), with 0.091 score, are worst in comparison with others. The results implied that, most of the current problems in squares and markets are low area of lands, scarcity of parking lot and accessibility respectively.

In this study, for performance assessment of eight irrigation and drainage projects in Khouzestan province, a combined framework of FAHP and TOPSIS technique were used. The major criteria of economic, environmental, social, technical and managerial aspects and eighteen sub-criteria were considered for the assessing process. Needed data were obtained from Power and Water Organization of Khouzestan province. The results indicated that economic criterion with relative weight of 0.292 has greatest impact on the assessment process. The managerial, technical, environmental and social criteria rank next in effectiveness with weights of 0.276, 0.163, 0.152 and 0.117 respectively. Environmentally, the Gotvand project with a score of 0.931 is the most efficient and Shahid Rajaee project with a score of 0.390 is the least efficient project. Economically, Gotvand and Dimcheh irrigation projects with a score of 0.899 and 0.064 are recognized as the most efficient and inefficient projects. The results also showed that according to the overall score, the projects can be ranked as: Gotvand, Dez, Maroon, Dimcheh, Shavoor, Karkheh, Ramshir and Shahid Rajaee. The results suggest that Ramshir and Shahid Rajaee projects that have a relatively low yield, choose the Gotvand project as their pattern.

This paper is aim to evaluating the principles of the two capitalism and Islamic economic systems associated with the conservation of natural resources and environment. Economic liberalism, included the two principles of individualism and civil liberties was introduced. These two the principles as are of the basic of conventional economics, as well as Pareto criterion as, the basis of economic decisions, has created many environmental problems. Given the current solutions, included the economic strategies and conventional economical approaches are not enough to prevent the destruction of natural resources and environmental degradation by investigating the values’ foundations valuable of Islamic economic system through logical analysis the results revealed values' foundations of Islamic economic system can provide prefect platform for the protection of neutural resources and environmental through the reduction of negative environmental externalities the realization of sustainable development and the achieve of human right.