PEYKE NOOR JOURNAL
Year:2005 | Volume:3 | Issue:1 (HISTORY)|Papers Count:13

From the old ages, “Persian Gulf” has always been recognized by the global superpowers as the most critical offshore access rout in the Middle East region. Early in the 18th century, as Britain, inspired by expansionist and colonialist motifs , began to expand its influence in the region, new circumstances were created in the coasts of Persian Gulf. Iran, being the largest country in the region, was also taking various measures trying to exert its authority in this canal and thus, “the issue of Persian Gulf” gradually turned into one of the most controversial issues in the Anglo-Iranian political relationships during the 19th and the 20th century. The reign of the Pahlavi the first is one of the most significant periods of Iran’s activity in Persian Gulf. In this paper the Iranian method of policy making over Persian Gulf during this era and the reaction of Britain to these policies will be studied.

The present paper deals with how the issue of the necessity of foundation the first university in Iran, Tehran University, and the training of Iranian youth in a national university was raised for the first time. The history of building Tehran University and its different faculties, from the very beginning till its inauguration, is also discussed in this paper. In addition to the point that it deals with the issue of beginning higher education in Iran, the importance of the present paper lies in quoting the sequence of events from Ali-Asghar Hekmat’s notes, then ministry of science (Mareeif). Today, these notes are considered as original historical documents.

Under Qajar dynasty, Azerbaijan state was a princedom. It had a small governmental system, similar to Tehran government house (Darol-khalafe), which was a kingdom and was called royal house (Darol-saltaneh). The entourages of the crown prince comprised of other princes or the people possessed high positions in the government. Under the crown princedom of Mozafaredin Mirza, among whom, who processed high positions, Hamze Mirza Heshmatoldoleh, Naseredin Shah’s uncle, and prince Malek Qasem Mirza, the 70th son of FathAli Shah, could be named. Due to being in the neighborhood of the great governments of the time, Russia and Osmani, the capital city of Azerbaijan state, that was Tabriz royal house, had grave importance. Such was this importance that, while in other important cities the foreign countries consuls were employed, in Tabriz general consuls pursuit the benefits of their own countries.A glance at the lives of these privileged high position people, who seated at royal house, as well as other government agents, clarifies the interesting point that they were usually under the debt of foreigner citizens, who resided in Azerbaijan. They borrowed money from them, gave them the receipt and, as they were unable to pay their debt back on due time, the discount rate would add to the amount of the money they had borrowed and would increase their debt. It’s also notable that, in the case that the obligor high position person died or was called to some other city, according to the treaties the government had concluded with those countries, the tax office (divankhane), which was responsible to gather the taxes and to manage the country budget and financial affairs, was obliged to pay back the debts to foreigner citizens.Following, I have presented three documents belonging to those days, so that the readers can judge for themselves.

During his life, Mirza Saleh Khan-e Calantar-e Baghmishee, entitled as Asefoldoleh, was appointed as governor of different regions, such as Tehran, Gilan, Qazvin and Qarachedagh. He had an unforgettable role in the political and cultural fields. He knew Arabic, French and Russian.Though he was appointed on the part of the crown prince, Mozafaredin Mirza, to the leadership of merchants, mayorship and commandery of constabulary cavalry, by emerging constitutional revolution, he arose in advocacy of the movement and turned to an opponent of Naserdin Shah’s despotism and autocracy. Under his government in Qazvin, he was the agent of many great important services. Based on new methods of education, he founded the first modern school in Qazvin, and called it Omid School.Present article, first, deals with his biography, then studies the history of foundation of Omid School in Qazvin and, eventually, presents some document on Omid School.

Mardavij Ibn Ziyar e Ibn Mardanshah Ibn Gili, the Persian general, raised to power by liquidating Asfar Ibn Chiroyeh, the Dailamite commander. The way by which Mardavij raised to power and his approach to the Persian rituals, including festival of Sadhak, his attention to ancient Persia and his position in Persian history and ultimately different historical narration relating to his murder are among the topics which have been discussed in this article.

Writing Sireh (biography) is truly considered to be the basis of Islamic historiography. The elevated attitudes of the great prophet, peace upon him, and the love his followers had for his Excellency, were the main causes why writing Sireh (biography) and Moghazeh (writing about the wars) initiated historiography.Down through the ages, a large number of individuals have been seamlessly working in this field, among them Mohammed ibn Eshagh, whose name is joined with the word “Sireh”, is notable.Mohammed ibn Eshagh and his narrators in different cities did their best to broadly expanding of Sireh and Moghazeh narration. The influence of Mohammed ibn Eshagh and his pupils is such that no work on the life of the great prophet could possibly be found which doesn’t hold some hint of their narrations. Mohammed ibn Eshagh is truly the initial ring in the Islamic historiography hierarchy and has had a great influence in its development. It is highly worthy to gather his complete set of narration in in a collection to preserve them and make them accessible.

There is no doubt that a main reason of Islam world expantion is the active and effective policy making of the great prophet, peace upon him. Thus the main question is: “what political strategies have been pursued by the great prophet in the international arena, which have brought about such effective outcomes?” The present article is based on this article: there is a meaningful relationship between the prophet’s active and effective policy and the strategies adopted by his Excellency in his diplomatic relationships. By considering the strategies of the great prophet, in foreign relations, as the independent variable and by considering the effectiveness of his diplomacy, as the dependent variable, and also by deploying a hermeneutical and a historical-analytical method, we will explain his Excellency’s strategies in his diplomatic relations (i.e. invitation, peace and Jihad ).

During the reign of Pahlavi dynasty, the Iranian society witnessed a series of fundamental changes in the economical, administrative and military structure. These changes in turn, led to some social, political and cultural breakthroughs in the Iranian contemporary history. The Iranian middle class was the most influential contributor to this modernization process. Actually providing modern methods of education for this so-called newly established Iranian middle class was one of the highest priorities for Pahlavi’s administration in its modernization plan. As this newly-established Iranian middle class developed throughout the years of Pahlavi’s reign, it gained weight and influence in the governing body with parts of it turning into major supporters of Reza Shah’s regime. Indeed, during its initial stages of development this class of the Iranian society, not only didn’t challenge the authority of the king; but also it was considered to be one of his major reinforcement sources in the political scenery, to the extent that it supported the waves of reforms conducted by the regime during the sixties. With the passage of time, however, fractions of this very middle class society who had made significant contributions to the survival of the Pahlavis, gradually became critic of the administration and joined the huge opposition that ultimately overthrew the regime. On the other hand, however, some of its other layers still remained supportive of the regime, continuously resisting the waves of the Islamic revolution and thus the middle class played a twofold role in Iranian political scenery.

The need to know about the global developments and progresses, and the upbringing of trainers and teachers and other educated people inside the country, raised the necessity of founding the first Iranian school, namely Darolfonun.The foundation of Darolfonun School was concurrent with another newbuilt phenomenon and that was “the translation movement”. The present paper is aimed to deal with the foundation and history of Darolfonun School and the translation movement, and to study the relationship between these two effective cultural phenomenon’s in the history of Iran.

It appears that one of the most significant outstanding effects of Eqbal’s thoughts has been the introduction of critical epistemology of western philosophy (as well as eastern philosophy in Persian philosophical process). In this trend of critic of philosophers and their epistemological methods in general, only those who are following his lead will be blessed with the light of his guidance. Hegel and Nietzsche, who have been briefly discussed during the course of this article, are the representatives of two western philosophical genres: one with an idealistic notion and the other with a moralistic manner. Eqbal recognizes numerous intellectual defects in both of them. Eqbal maintains that the depth of oriental thoughts and religious epistemology, especially the one which relates to Islam, consist of such dynamics components which could dismiss  pessimismdismiss pessimism, degeneration and recursion and that would encourage optimism, while providing an inspiring explanation and an spiritual interpretation about the universe. “Nature”, “history” and “human” are the sources of cognition and interpretation of the universe, which have been extracted from the holly Quran by Iqbal, who has suggested the titles of “the great Palladian experience” or “the great experimental human cognition” for them. Eqbal Lahoori gave a fresh meaning and a new spirit to the criticism and explanation of religious cognition. The height and the extent of this critic and explanation are such outstanding and immortal that no thoughtful researcher and religious scholar, in no part of the world would find himself needless of it.

Among significant historical events of the world, the iranian Constitutional Movement in 1906 has a significant position. This movement deserves to be considered as a real change in the life of iranian national. By this movement, our nation could find victory over the middle- age dictatorship that dominated Iran on the time. A large group of people raised in the course of this movement and did their best’ however, because of their ignorance on the path of international changes and lack of a structural and organized group, along with disregarding religious beliefs and tradition, the movement was torn apart and the revolution was diverted from its main path and the results shich should have been gained were not obtained since the iranian constitutional movement in its nature was a bourgeoisies revolution combined by religious interests.The secret societies and organizations were founded in constitution movement time via unity and cooperation. Many of these organizations were actually initiated by efforts of different political figures such as Melkom, seyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Rasoulzadeh and others. It should be noted that until victory of constitution, those movements and societies which had political and underground activties were named secret societies. This paper studies creation of these societies and their activities as well as their rise and fall during constitution movement.

The present paper is a historical document. It’s of grave importance in showing the relationship between Iran, in those days, and other intruding countries. It’s identical with the text of a lecture presented in 1923. Following is more details on the lecture, the conditions and the place it was hold.