PEYKE NOOR JOURNAL
Year:2006 | Volume:3 | Issue:5 (SUPPLEMENT) (HISTORY 2)|Papers Count:16

This article tries to introduce Nebuchadnezzar and Nebuchadnezzar History based on Asar al-Baqia, the oldest source in this field. The article also refers to some important point about Asar al-Baqia, by Biruni.

The introducing of Islam into Arabian Peninsula was followd by some struggles between the new invaders and the non-Arabic people, above all Iranians. The history of this period has been decribed in some book, such as Tabari History, Mas’udi History, and Zeyn al-Akhbar. The reign of Abbasids Caliphs was a new era, especially for Iranians. The foundation of Beit al-Hikmah under Abbasids was a great impact on the cultural life of the time. The present article describes how this cultural center was organized. It also gives an account of the life of the translators who managed to translate some important books from Greek into Arabic.

Hasan Sabbah was born about 440 AH (1048AD) in Qum. He went to Egypt and met the Shiite Fatimid rulers. When he came back to Iran, he began the “new age” of the Ismailis activity. In this period, Seljuk Dynasty, who were Sunni and against the Shiite Ismailis, was ruling in Iran. Hasan’s teachings were in Persian language and this was a challenge both to Seljuks, who were Tursks, and the Arab Caliphs.Hasan’s teachings are written in his book Resaleye Chahar Fasl.Nizari rulers were the great patrons of the Ismailian writers and scientists. Some of these scholars have dedicated their books to Fatimid and Nizari rulers. The fall of the Alamut by Holagu was followed by the ruining and burning of its great library. One of the books survived from Holgu’s attack is Dastur al- Monajjemin.This book, in Arabic, is a great document that contains the names of many Ismailian scholars along with the name of their books in the library of Alamut.According to Paul Casanova, this book is written by an Ismailian followers of Hasan Ibn-al-Sabbah. Supported by the Nizaris, a branch of the Shiite Fatimid Caliphs, Ismailians founded some academies (Dar al-Elm) and helped the writers and scholars to teach and write. Nassir al-Din Tusi has repeatedly mentioned the names of the Ismailian scholars in his books.

This paper deals with the record of applying geometrical and arithmetic factors in buildings of Islamic period, specially drawing maps. The paper aim is to examin any preparations-drawing maps, deciding on different ways of execution, evaluation of the geometrical and arithmetic factors before starting to build, and the study of the suitability of building materials with the building design- needed in a building.

Since the beginning of Constitutional Movement, many different societies and associations were founded in Tehran and other cities of Iran. Sa’adat Association was a national association founded in 1325 AH, in Mashhad, by some educated persons. This article describes the social, political and cultural activities of this association.

The period of Zand Dynasty was an important and turbulent period in the history of Iran. A basic and influential elements of this period was the relationship between Persian rulers and Ottoman Sultans and Pashas, which had a definite influence on the political, social, and cultural situation of both countries. Records that are critically analyzed, edited and published in the present article are some letter from Ahmad Khan, the sovereign of Khoy, to Suleiman Pasha, the governer of Choldar, from Fath Ali khan, the ruler of Kuba (Qubba), to the Ottoman Grand Vizier, from Muhammad Gholi Khan to the Ottoman Grand Vizier, from Najaf Gholi Khan, the governer of Tabriz, to Suleiman Pasha, the governer of Choldar. These letters, as authentic documents of the time, are of great importance and throw new light on the relations between the two countries during Zand Dynasty.

Habl al-Matin was an important newspaper, published in Calcutta (India) and distributed in India, as well as Iran, Egypt, China, Iraq, and Caucasus, under the supervision of Mu’ayyed al-Islam Kashani.It was a weekly paper published in several languages. Under Muhammad Ali Shah, there were some serious hindrances to the distribution of this newspaper in Iran. To cope with this problem, Mu’ayyed al-Islam, with the help of his brother, Seyyed Hassan Kashani, launched a new branch for it in Tehran. Its first issue was published in 15 Rabi al-Avval, 1325 AH.

In this article an important part of the Iranian history, during the Constitutional Movement, is reviewed on the basis of the social reforms made by Mirza Mahmud Khan (Ehtesham al-Saltaneh). He was an influential statesman in the Constitutional Movement and one of the founders of the Justice administration. He had also several other responsibilities. Throughout his social activities, he was against the despotism and defended the Constitution. The present article gives an account of the life of Ehtesham al-Saltaneh and the consequences of his activities in the Iranian Constitutional Movement.

The Iranian culture and literature are so great that to understand their various aspects needs a profound and comprehensive research. This is why, during the long Iranian history, many scholars, both in Iran and other countries, have tried to write about it. The author of this article aims at introducing this ancient culture and civilization in its different aspects of history, art, and architecture, as well as its influence on the culture of other nations. The culture and civilization of pre-Islamic and post- Islamic Iran will be analyzed respectively.

The title of “Ministry of Army” was coined under Fath Ali Shah reign. The need for founding such administration was due to the expansion of Iran’s foreign relations with the European countries, the long wars between Iran and Russia and Ottomans, and the necessity of organizing the millitary preparation. The title was, in fact, the expanded form and function of the former one in Safavid’s reign (Lashkar Nevis Bashi=Troops accountant) and Pre-Safavids title of Arez Lashkar (=Troops administrator).The present paper aims at exploring the historical record and the status of this post in early Qajar period up to its transformation into the modern title of Ministry of War, and the improvement of its organization in Naser al-Din Shah reign.

Constitutional Revolution was the important event of Qajar reign with some great consequences in the Iranian society. Ali Khan Gardi, known as Arshad al-Doleh, was an important follower of the Constitutional Movement, who later turned against it. Introducing his character, the author investigates his role in the Constitutional Revolution.

The growth of Bandar-e Abbasi under Safavids brought its own bureaucratic administration. As Bandar-e Abbasi was the most important harbour of Persia in that time, it was administered directly by Safavid rulers from the capital. The finance section of the harbour was separated from its administrative-military section by Safavid rulers in order to prevent the centralized power in the hand of one person. The first section was controled by the harbour governer, while the second was directed by the sovereign. This article explains the role and function of the Safavid rulers in Bandar-e Abbasi.

After the fall of Muhammad Ibn Takesh Khwarazm Shah, Jalal al-Din Menkoberni, Khwarazm Shah son, seriously resisted against Mongols. He went to Ghazni, in Afghanistan, fought successfully with Chingiz Khan, but finally was defeated and fled to the Sind coast. He founded a short- lived empire in Sind and Panjab. His escape was followed by the first attack of Mongols to India. Staying for two years in India, he came back to India in the hope of refounding his empire in Iran. After passing a hard decade in war with Iraq and Caucasus in 628AH/1231, he was killed by Mongols in Kurdistan while he was escaping.This article aims at giving a detailed account of the events of 618-21AH/1221-24 in Northwest India. Comparing three historical sources (Tabaghat-e Nasseri, Sirat-e Jalal al-Din Menkoberni, and Jahangosha, the author explores the history of this period.

Zaferanzar-e Kashmir (=The Saffron Farm of Kashmir) is a book of biographies, written by Mirza Muhammad Ali, the son of Muhammad Sadigh from Lucknow, in the early thirteen century AH. containing the biographies of some Kashmirian poets who wrote their poems in Persian, the book has some unique information not available in any other source. Writing poets’ biographies is an old practice in India. It is normally divided into five periods: 1) from the beginning of Molems’ reign in India (7thcentury AH) up to the Timurids in 932AH, 2) from the beginning of the reign of Zahir al-Din Babur in 932AH to the end of the reign of Shah Jahan in 1068 AH, 3) from Alamgir (Auranzeb) in 1068 to the English government in 1274 AH, 4) the period of English domination in India from 1274 to 1349, 5) from 1349 to the contemporary period.