PLANT AND ECOSYSTEM
Year:2012 | Volume:8 | Issue:31-2 (SUPPLEMENT)|Papers Count:9

The experiments on Olive plants (Olea europaea L varManzanillo) were done for 4 months and the effect of different formd of Nitrogen (NO3- NH4 and urea) was carried out on factorial on the base of complete randomized blocks design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. Different nitrogen form was applied at 3 levels (4, 8 and 16 mM). Nitrogen is the mineral nutrient most commonly applied in olive.. The results indicated that the treatment of NH4 (8mM) have the greatest effect on the amount of increase weight per plant and treatment of NH4 (16 mM) have the greatest effect on the increase weight stem, leaf and root. No difference in root N concentration was observed between three N forms. There is no signification difference of weight roots the effects of N forms applied of olive plants.

In this study GA3 and Urea were sprayed in different concentrations alone and their combinations on ten years old Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) trees on citrange root stock during late bloom. The experiment was performed in mahdasht garden of sari city in north of Iran. The experiment was carried in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), in 16 may with 4 replication and 6 treatment including: control, GA3 (15 mg/l), GA3 (15 mg/l)+Urea %1, GA3 (30 mg/l), GA3 (30 mg/l)+Urea %1 and Urea %1.The results showed that, GA3 (15 mg/l) treatment reduced significantly Fruit drop percentage and increased fruit retention percentage, compared with control.Whereas the lowest amount of fruit retention observed in GA3 (15 mg/l)+Urea %1 treatment. Also in GA3 (15 mg/l) treatment, relation of peel weight to peel diameter increased significantly compared with control, that this can caused improve peel condensation and firmness and also decrease puffiness. Besides because of decreasing peel diameter in all treatments, fruits had thickness peel but firmness.

Fertilizer management is one of the most important factors in successful cultivation of medicinal plants. Application of biofertilizers can affect the quality and quantity of plant indexes and they can be considered as substitutes for chemical fertilizers. In this research, effect of different types of fertilizers was evaluated on growth, yield and essential oil of S. rechingeri. The research was conducted under field condition in complete randomized block design with three replications. The treatments included chemical fertilizer, nitrogen biofertilizer (Azospirillum brasilense & Azotobacter chroococcum), phosphorus biofertilizer (Pseudomonas putida), combinations of nitrogen and phosphor biofertilizers, combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus biofertilizers with 50% chemical fertilizer and control. Data show that fertilizing S. rechingeri plants using biofertilizer amended with a half dose of chemical fertilizer increased plant height, number of branches, plant dry weight, essential oil content and essential oil yield compared with control and other treatment. The analysis of the essential oils in S. rechingeri showed highest carvacrol content (%) detected in using biofertilizer amended with a half dose of chemical fertilizers. Results indicated that in general, application of biofertilizers enhanced yield and other plant criteria in this plant. Generally, it seems that using of biofertilizers could improve S. rechingeri performance in addition to reduction of environmental pollution.

In order to effects of micronutrients on leaf and grain concentration and relationship with economic and biological yield of soybean (Cv. Williams), an experiment was conducted in a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replicates at research farm, Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah at 2010. In this research different levels of micronutrients such as Zn (20 and 40 kg Zn ha-1), Fe (25 and 50 kg Fe ha-1) and Mn (20 and 40 kg Zn ha-1) were applied and compared with control. The end of growth stage and harvesting time, for the measurement of mineral nutrient concentrations, seeds, and leaves were collected from five plants from each plot. The results showed that Zinc and Iron at leaf and Zinc, Iron and Manganese at grain affected by Zn application. The effect of Fe on leaf zinc concentration was not significant, but increasing Fe concentration grain and leaf. In addition, leaf and grain Mn concentration decreased by Fe applied. Grain and leaf Fe increased response to 25 kg Fe ha-1 applied, but did not changed by 25-50 kg Fe ha-1 application. Such as zinc, leaf and grain manganese concentration in response to Mn applied were increased. The highest Mn concentrations were detected in leaves and grains, when 40 kg Mn ha-1 applied. In contrast, leaf and grain Zn concentration changed very little in response to added Mn. Economic and biological yield affected by Zn, Fe, Mn and interaction Zn and Mn.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients in crop production. In order to investigate the effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus levels on biomass and harvest index of mungbean, Partow variety a field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the Islamic Azad University of Shahre-rey in Tehran, Iran in 2009. The Experiment was laid out with factorial arrangement in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Five levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1) and six levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg P2O5 ha-1) were the treatment variables. Results showed that application of N and P fertilizers significantly increased the biomass and harvest index. Interaction effect of nitrogen and phosphorus was significant. With the increase of phosphorus application, nitrogen had positive effect on increase of biomass and harvest index. The maximum biomass (793.8 g m-2) was obtained when 120 kg N ha-1 and 150 kg P2O5 ha-1 were applied. The highest harvest index (28.62%) was recorded when 90 kg N ha-1 and 120 kg P2o5 ha-1 were applied.

The effects of the concentration and methods of application of plant growth regulators (BA+GA3) on the post harvest longevity and leaf chlorophyll, chlorophyllase and Mg-dechelase activities of Lilium (Lilium Longiflorum & Asiatic) cut flowers cv. “Fangio" were evaluated. Plant growth regulators BA+GA3 were used with two methods of application (spraying or pulsing in solution) and different concentration (25-50- 100-200, 300mg/lit) for 24 hours and distilled water used as control. The experiment was carried out in a factorial based on completely randomized design and with three replication. The result indicated that addition of BA+GA3 (100mg/lit of each) as a pulsed treatment in solution for 24 hours prevented leaf yellowing and it increased vase life. This treatment was decreased chlorophyllase and Mg- dechelase enzymes activities but highest leaf brixo was at control (distilled water).

In order to assess the effects of drought and zinc application on grain yield and some physiological characteristics of soybean plants, an experiment was conducted in summer of 2009 in the field research of Faculty of Agriculture of University of Kurdistan. Factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. Experimental factors were drought in two levels: check (irrigation every 7 days) and stress (irrigation every 14 days) and two zinc fertilizer levels: check (without zinc application) and zinc application (35 grams of zinc sulfate per plot). Statistical analysis showed that drought stress caused a significant decrease in photosynthesis, transpiration, mesophyll conductance and water use efficiency. Zinc application increased photosynthesis, mesophyll conductance and water use efficiency. Yield and SPAD chlorophyll levels significantly decreased under drought stress. Zinc application increased zinc concentration in grain. Cu concentration increased and Mn concentration decreased under drought stress. There was no significant difference between experimental treatments at Fe concentration.

Soybean is one of oil seeds. Soybean cultivation is important for preventing the imports of oil and replacing of meat's protein by it. Soybean cultivated in Iran, are usually Fe-deficient due to calcarous charactristic of soil. Regard to Fe role in soybean, This experiment evaluated the effect of different rate and sources of Fe-fertilizer on soybean yield. A randomized complete block design with 4 replication and 5 treatments (0, 2, 5kg Fe-solfate per 1000 liter and 5, 10 kg/ha Fe-sequestrin) was selected. After farming and management practices, the crop yield and the weight of thousand seeds were determined at harvest for every plot. The results indicated that the application of 5, 10 kg Fe-sequestrin per hectare with the mean yield of 1845 and 2845 kg/ha showd a singificent yield increase (5% level). The thousand seeds weight showed a significent increas in 10 kg/ha Fe-Sequestrine and foliar application Fe solfate (5 per 1000).

In order to study the effect of shading (source limitation) on dry matter remobilization, yield and yield components in different rice cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in farm of Agriculture Service Center of Rezvanshahr Township in 2007-2008 year. Statistical design was factorial on the basis of randomize complex block design. Factor of variety was in two levels including (Hashemi and Hybrid 1) and factor of treatments were in four levels including (1.Control, 2.Light shading, 3.Modereat shading and 4.Heavy shading) in three replications. All treatments have been started from 10 days before anthesis up to 10 days after anthesis. The results have shown significant effect at 1 percent level on yield, biological yeild, harvest index, panicle length, number of grain, number of spikelet on panicle and 1000- grain weight. Highest grain yield was in hybrid1 about 8962/3 kg/ha in control condition and the lowest was in hashemi about 1503/3 kg/ha in heavy shading condition. Heavy shading has shown lowest grain yield in both the cultivars. Shading stress has shown significant effect on remobilization of dry matter of stem and leaves. The share of stem was more than other part of plants. Remobilization was less in hashemi that was probably because of little amount of sink capacity and the ability in source production, there were less remobilization. Results have shown sink limitation in hashemi as compare to hybrid