مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    299-308
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    798
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: The performance of in-vessel composting process, as one of the most effective methods of oily sludge treatment, depends on factors such as nutrients and temperature. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the trend of changes of these factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the trend of changes of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and temperature during the composting of bottom sludge of crude oil storage tanks.Materials and Methods: The sludge was mixed with the immature compost at the various ratios of sludge to compost including 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 6, 1: 8, and 1: 10 with the initial C/N/P of 100/5/1 and then was composted for a period of 10 weeks. The process of mixing and moisture adjustment of the mixtures was done 3 times a day during the composting period. Sampling and analysis were performed every week for organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and every day for temperature.Results: The research indicated that the concentrations of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were decreased sharply during the first weeks of the process and then they were decreased gently. At the final stage of the composting, the ratios of C/N and C/P increased from 20: 1 and 100: 1 to 26: 1 and 166: 1, respectively. In addition, the temperature of the reactors was kept in the mesophilic range during the process period.Conclusion: The similar trend of decrease of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the composting reactors is an indication of decreasing the activity of the microorganisms involved in petroleum hydrocarbons degradation.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    309-318
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1202
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: Organochlorine pesticides are among the endocrine disrupting chemicals believed to produce a wide variety of adverse health outcomes such as cancers. Generally, fatty foods of animal origin are the major sources of human exposure to lipophilic contaminants such as DDTs and their metabolites. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate exposure of general population to DDTs via dietary milk consumption in Iran, and to assess the respective potential risks to health of people in terms of carcinogenic and none-carcinogenic effects.Materials and Methods: The DDT residue levels were determined by GC/MS analysis in 60 milk samples of full fat pasteurized commercial types (3% fat). The assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks was calculated through international standard methods.Results: In all of the milk samples, DDT and its metabolites were detected in the range of 0.0015 to 0.28 mg/L with the mean of 0.05±0.03, 0.15±0.08, 0.09±0.05, 0.05±0.02 mg/L for o, p-DDE, p, p-DDE, p, p-DDT, p, p-DDD, respectively. The calculated estimated daily intake (0.00006-0.0002 mg/kg/day) for all categories and all compounds were lower than the Reference doses (RfDs). Consequently, the hazard quotients calculated in these groups for DDTs were less than 1. Hazard index obtained for all compounds in full fat pasteurized milk based on maximum DDT residue concentrations was higher than unity confirming health risk. From the carcinogenic point of view, there is no risk and it was within the acceptable threshold of EPA.Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the general population are exposing to DDT and its metabolites constantly. Therefore, it is recommended to biomonitoring and measuring these chemicals in all age groups especially in children.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    319-330
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    778
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: The present study was carried out to determine the amount and ionic characterization of TSP and PM10 aimed at identifying the potential emission sources of particulates in the ambient air of Tabriz.Materials and Methods: TSP and PM10 samples were collected by two high volume samplers during September 2013 to August 2014. Water-soluble ions in particulate matter were extracted using ultrasonic method and were identified by ion chromatography. Using Stata12 software, linear regression analysis was performed between the ions to determination of the major ionic component of the particulates. In addition, in order to identify the potential emission sources of PM10, the rotation varimax model was used.Results: Total measured water-soluble ions in TSP and PM10 of the urban sampling site were 20.33±20.77 and 16.04±14.08 mg/m3, respectively. Among all detected ions, sulfate (8.69±5.79 mg/m3) and nitrate (8.47±7.9 mg/m3) were the dominant constituents followed by calcium and sodium.Conclusion: The modeling results revealed that the soils of surrounding ground together with secondary PM and also resuspension of PM from polluted soil account for 80 percent of PM10 mass.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    331-346
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    1
  • Views: 

    978
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: The role of groundwater has always been an important issue in order to provide drinking water especially in desert areas. However, studies and decision-making on water supply from the water source is more costly and difficult rather than surface water. Therefore, it is important to note the newest methods like zoning. Due to the effects of water chemical parameters on the quality, application of AHP, ANP, FAHP, and FANP methods lead to more accurate results. The aim of this research was to zone groundwater quality using ANP and FANP models and comparison of the results obtained by those achieved, by AHP and FAHP models.Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the study was conducted to zone groundwater quality in Tabas aquifer located at the east of Iran with latitude between 33o 19’-33o 50’ and longitude between 60o 42’-63o 12’. In this study, the parameters studied were Mg, Ca, SO4, Cl, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and total hardness (TH). Raster maps for each parameter were prepared and these maps were converted to fuzzy maps. Then, the maps were integrated together using the weights from AHP and ANP methods.Results: The research indicated that the most weighted parameters using ANP method were Cl (0.172), Mg (0.161) and EC (0.159). Cl (0.457), TDS (0.163) and EC (0.141) were the most weighted parameters using AHP methods. In addition, the concentration of each parameter was increased from the east and southeast to the northeast.Conclusion: Based on the results and groundwater flow path, water quality was reduced due to water flow in aquifer (from the east and southeast to northeast). Hence, the east and the southeast were the best location to provide drinking water. The area of these regions were 22.12, 25.08, 57.35 and 58.24% out of total area as determined using AHP, ANP, FAHP, and FANP, respectively.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    347-358
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1886
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: Exposure to chemicals such as heavy metals can be occurred through the route of drinking water consumption. Chromium is an important pollutant because of its role in the appearance of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health effects in humans. In this study, we studied the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic hazard of chromium due to the consumption of bottled drinking water distributed throughout Iran.Materials and Methods: The Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) indices were calculated. Monte-Carlo simulation technique was adopted for simulating uncertainty in the estimation of HQ and ELCR based on the input variables namely the concentration of pollutant, per capita water consumption, body weight, reference dose, biological availability, and source contribution factors.Results: The average concentration of chromium in bottled waters determined was 4.79±2.32 mg/L. The amounts of HQ and ELCR for the age groups of lower than 2, 2 to 6, 6 to 16 and over 16 years old were 0.000354, 0.00292, 0.00236, 0.00147 and 4.04×10-11, 5.99×10-10, 8.61×10-10 and 2.34×10-9, respectively.Conclusion: In regard to the concentration of chromium in bottled waters in Iran, the incidence probability and the possibility of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic effects by this pollutant due to the consumption of bottled water are considerably low and there is no health concern for any age groups.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    359-368
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1195
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: Increasing air pollution and consequently adversely effects on the quality of life for many people has resulted in the use of the air quality indice for determination of the actual amount of pollutants and air quality, as one of the most important and effective measures for air quality control, to be considered further. The air quality health index (AQHI) is a new index related to air pollution developed in collaboration with Environment Canada and Health Canada, in 2001. The purpose of this study was to design and develop a software system for calculating AQHI for the first time in the country that calculates the health effects caused by the presence of several pollutants (NO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5) at the same time with a new approach.Materials and Methods: To achieve those aims, the software was designed and coded in Visual Basic. Net. After preparation of the software, it was tested using the real-time database of six air pollution monitoring stations in Tehran including Aghdasyeh, Setad Bohran, Shahrdari 4, Golbarg, Park-e- Roz, and Shahrdari 11.Results: This program is a software package installed on the computer with the possibility of exporting Excel file. The performance of software testing was verified using real data.Conclusion: The results of the verification tests show that the index calculated by the software introduced and presented in this study can be used as a useful tool to assess air quality.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    369-382
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    974
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: Malaria is a disease affecting 300–500 million people in tropical and subtropical regions and causes approximately 2.7 million deaths annually. Currently, no vaccine protects against malaria and resistance to anti-malaria drugs such as chloroquine is increasing and spreading geographically. Moreover, anti-malarial drugs are expensive and often unaffordable to low-income populations. A better understanding of the relationship between the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the climatic anomalies it engenders, and malaria epidemic could help mitigate the world-wide increase in incidence of this mosquito transmitted disease. There is evidence of a relationship between climate variability and the transmission of mosquito-transmitted diseases. Therefore, in this study we intended to analyze the relationship between ENSO events and annual malaria occurrence (AMO) in Iran to assess the possibility of using ENSO forecasts for improving malaria control.Martials and Methods: Two types of data were used: The data of annual malaria incidence in Iran were collected from the national and international reports of malaria occurrence in Iran; the annual malaria occurrence data for 38 years (1974- 2013) were collected from related sources. ENSO is a cyclic phenomenon, which its frequency is 2 to 7 years (i.e., irregular) and is the second strongest natural driver of climate variability, the first being normal seasonal variability. This oscillation has two different phases: a warm episode known as El Nino; and a cold episode called La Niña, where warm and cold refer to the direction of departure from average of the equatorial Pacific Sea surface temperature (SST), a fundamental indicator of the ENSO state. The Pearson correlation analysis at 0.95 confident level (P-value=0.05) on monthly timescale was used in order to understand the relationship between ENSO and annual malaria occurrence in Iran. The 2-tailed independent parametric T-test was used knowing that whether there is a significant difference between the La Nina years occurrence and El Nino years occurrence.Results: The results indicated that a slight negative association could be detected between ENSO and annual Malaria occurrence in Iran. Our finding showed that the detected correlation between monthly ENSO and annual malaria occurrence is statistically significant only in months October and May while no significant relationship between ENSO and AMO at 0.95 confident level was found for other months.. The inverse relationship between ENSO and AMO means that the years having higher malaria occurrence coincides with the warm ENSO phases or EL Nino episode while the years having lower malaria occurrence coincides with the cool ENSO phases or La Nina episode. In El Nino episode, the annual occurrence of malaria is about 0.2 to 0.3 higher than La Niña episode years.Conclusion: The positive association between El Nino and rainfall of Iran resulted in higher occurrence of malaria by proliferation of Anopheles mosquito especially in southern and southeastern region of Iran.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    383-396
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    938
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: Human health depends on clean and safe drinking water more than anything. In Bilverdi Plain, the main source of drinking water is groundwater that has got a low quality in some places. Therefore, the drinking water of this area needs detailed evaluation of quality. In this research, the drinking water of Bilverdi Plain was evaluated based on fuzzy and deterministic methods.Materials and Methods: Totally, 15 samples were collected from different places in September 2013. Major water ions including fluoride and nitrate of the samples taken were measured at hydrological lab of University of Tabriz. To check the quality of water, Schoeller diagram in GWW environment and MATLAB software in fuzzy inference system were used and their results were compared with each other.Results: Based on the results in deterministic method, the quality of drinking water was classified ranging from good to undesirable. However, in fuzzy method in addition to water quality, the potability confidence of samples was offered in which water in six samples with reliability percent from 13.8 to 14.7; in five samples with 50% confidence level and in four samples with confidence percent from 73 to 85 were desirable, acceptable and unacceptable respectively.Conclusion: The results show the higher accuracy and capability of fuzzy method rather than deterministic method. Because it is proper to deal with uncertainty in the different parameters and all effective parameters on water quality could be considered together in the evaluation and it offers confidence level for potability of water.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    397-410
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1055
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: Increasing population growth and construction of high-rise buildings have doubled the amount of environmental pollution in the cities. Moreover, people use the open urban spaces more than before in order to meet their ecological needs. Accordingly, some parameters such as various vegetation and continuous winds streams can be considerably influential in transmittance of the particle pollution. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the impacts of different green roofs on the dispersion of pollutants in the standpoint of height and density for urban airflow condition of Shiraz City, Iran.Materials and Methods: In this study, a literature review in the field computer simulation with the help of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model in Envimet software environment was used.Results: Regarding the importance of using vegetation in the urban spaces, vertical dispersion of the particles in presence of vegetation was explored. By comparing the basic model (without vegetation) results with models including vegetation with short, medium and high crowns, it was revealed that vegetation with medium crowns is the closest model to the basic model with a difference of 7.65 m2/s in terms of vertical dispersion of particles; in fact, it was the most optimized condition for maximizing the dispersion of environmental pollutants.Conclusion: The results showed that the green roofs in the buildings increase the horizontal dispersion of the particulate pollution and decrease this term in the vertical dispersion. Finally, by an expansion of green roof usage in the buildings the sustainability in architecture and urbanism can be achieved.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    411-420
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    707
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: About 1.35×105 tons of pistachio waste are produced in annually Iran that can result in environmental problems if managed improperly.. The purpose of this study was to investigate in-vessel composting of pistachio residuals with addition of cow manure and dewatered sludge as a recycling alternative.Materials and Methods: Pistachios wastes were combined with weight ratio of 5.5: 10 (dewatered sludge: pistachio waste) and weight ratio of 1: 10 (Cow manure: pistachio waste) to achieve the carbon to nitrogen ratio of 25: 1. The parameters measured were pH, EC, percentage of moisture, total and volatile solids, ash, organic carbon, temperature, and phenol. The 20th edition of SPSS software was used for t-test statistical analysis and comparing the results with standards and Microsoft Excel 2007 was used for drawing the plots.Results: During the 60-days process of in-vessel composting of pistachio residuals with addition of cow manure, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen reduced from 25: 1 to 13: 1, dewatered sludge from 25: 1 to 14: 1; phenol amount in cow maneuver decreased from 4980 to 254 ppm and in dewatered sewage sludge from 6100 to 254 ppm. The maximum temperature in cow manure and dewatered sewage sludge treatments in the composting process reached to 51.9 and 48.9oC respectively.Conclusion: Results showed that the produced compost with cow manure has a higher fertilizing value compared with the dewatered sewage sludge due to its better organic degradation.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Author(s): 

AQANAGHAD M. | MOUSSAVI G.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    421-432
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    884
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: Being low cost of building and operation, anaerobic baffled reactor is considered superior to aerobic methods of wastewater treatment, especially for small communities. However, it needs to be studded for upgrade and overcome of its limitations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of FABR and RABR reactors for the municipal wastewater treatment at laboratory scale and in field conditions to determine their optimum conditions in reaching effluent discharge standards.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Khoy wastewater treatment plant. FABR was operated for 267 days with hydraulic retention time of 18-48 h and RABR was operated for 90 days with media bad rotation of 10-50 rpm. The reactors were fed in line from the wastewater canal. Using composite sampling, 224 samples were taken from the inflow and outflow of the reactors and each sample was analyzed for parameters of COD, BOD, TSS, VSS, TKN, and TP.Results: The reactor startup took about 107 days. FABR removal efficiency was 93-80, 21-10, and 30-21% for COD, TKN, and PO4 respectively at HRT of 48-18 h. FABR reached effluent disposal standard of TSS, COD, and BOD in all conditions and optimum HRT of 36 h. RABR reached to these standards at HRT 24 h and 50 rpm. However, none of them could meet the nutrient effluent standards.Conclusion: FABR is an appropriate system for municipal wastewater treatment but for reaching N and P effluent standard, it should be combined with aerobic post-treatment. Moreover, in order to reuse the reactor’s nutrient-rich effluent for irrigation; it can be reused as subsurface irrigation.

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Author(s): 

ABBASI S.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2016
  • Volume: 

    9
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    433-442
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    2
  • Views: 

    851
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and Objective: Owing to the extended usage in the safekeeping of environments, the photocatalytic materials have been widely applied. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the photocatalytic activity of ZnO and SnO2 nanoparticles in removal of methyl orange from aqueous media.Materials and Methods: ZnO and SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized through sol-gel and chemical precipitation respectively. Methyl orange was selected as model pollutant. The effect of weight fraction on the removal of pollutant was investigated in the range of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 weight percent. Meanwhile, for investigating the effect of radiation time, the suspension containing pollutant and nanoparticles was irradiated. The obtained results were analyzed by MSTATC, Ver 1.42 software and Duncan’s multiple range test.Results: The analysis of variance results of removal efficiency of methyl orange showed that in the suspension involving ZnO and SnO2, radiation time, weight fraction and the combined effect of them have a significant effect on the removal of methyl orange at 5% level of probability. Meanwhile, by increasing irradiation time from 5 to 25 min, the removal efficiency in suspensions containing ZnO and SnO2 reached 97.42 and 65.55% respectively. Investigation on the effect of concentration on the removal of methyl orange shows that the removal of methyl orange increases with respect to the weight fraction.Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it was observed that the photocatalytic activity of ZnO is higher than that of SnO2. Therefore, the application of ZnO is more effective for removal of methyl orange from aqueous media.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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