JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
Year:2011 | Volume:7 | Issue:1 (22)|Papers Count:11

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan that lives in the epithelial cells of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary systems of vertebrates. In the present study 300 samples were collected from 30 broiler flocks, 25-50 days old, and then classified into 5 groups. Sample obtained from tracheal fork and bursa of fabricius (BF) at necropsy. Meanwhile two smears were prepared, one from BF cut surface by touch imprint (pressure smear) and another one from tracheal linning membrane by light scraping. Smears, after being fixed in methanol (70%), were stained by modified Ziehl- Neelsen (MZN) technique. Microscopic examination of the stained smears revealed that 7 flocks (23.33%) out of 30 flocks were infected and out of the 300 samples, 39 samples (13%) were positive for Cryptosporidium parasite. The highest incidence of the infection belonged to the group 25-30 days old which have indicated 28.58% of infection in this age.

In this survey 300 broiler chickens, one day old (Ross strain) divided into 4 treatment groups with 3 replications equally during 28 days experimental period. treamet diets including, Group (1) as negative control were used standard diet based on corn and soybean, group (2) were received basal diet with 3 ppm productive aflatoxin, group (3) were consumed basal diet containing 0.05% turmeric extract and group (4) were used diet comprised 0.05% turmeric extract and 3ppm productive aflatoxin. Histopathologically, gizzard samples in group 2 that received 3ppm aflatoxin showed degeneration of mucusal glands, ulcer, infiltration of lymphoid cells focally and disseminated into mucusa was most severe gizzard lesions respect to the control group and statistically had increased significant respect to other groups (p<0.05). The group that consumed combination of 3ppm aflatoxin and 0.05% turmeric extract revealed that lesions such as to destroy glands in part of mucusal tissue and degeneration of mucusal glands mildly. Mucusal gland hyperplasia of gizzard was considered one of mild appearances. In current study, revealed that curcuma longa as a natural substance can be effective in reducing of gizzard lesions due to induced intoxication with aflatoxin.

Some species belonging to the genus Aspergillus are potential producers of aflatoxin, a mycotoxin with teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. Cattle feed pollution with the species of Aspergillus cause production of aflatoxin and its transfusion to milk and milk products. Utilizing polluted feed disorder health domestic, milk and consumers. In this study used feed composition were examined in ten animal's farm in arak in the years 2009 and 2010. Results showed the most feed composition materials were corn, cotton and canola meal, feed supplements, barley, wheat bran, dried bread, fat powder and alfalfa. Isolation, cultivation and identification of feed Aspergilluson macroscopic colony characteristics and microscopic morphology were done. A PCR assay was used to indentify species of Aspergillus from one another. DNA sequencing of the ITS1-5.8SITS2 region of ribosomal DNA gene complex was also conducted for the identification of species by comparative Gen Bank sequence analysis. The results indicated the presence of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus clavatusin cattle feed of the animal’s farm.

The presence of fungi on the surface of animal’s bodies have special importance regarding pathogenicity in related animals in addition to potential for transmission to human beings, poisoning and allergy. The present study was conducted to survey the external ear canal fungal flora of suckling calves under 3 months old. For this purpose, 25 apparently healthy calves from both sexes were selected randomly from different traditional cattle farms in Garmsar district with desert climate. Sampling was conducted using strill swabs on both ears of each animal, and finally 50 samples were collected and transmitted to laboratory. In present study, three yeast genus including: Rhodotorula (One isolate), Cryptococcus (One isolate), Malassezia (Seven isolate), and two unknown yeast isolate were diagnosed. M. globosa, M. restricta, M. pachydermatis, and M. sympodialis were isolated from Malassezia genus. Fungal infestation in left ear was more than right ear but difference between them was not significant. Totally, 11 isolates were separated from external ear canal of suckling calves and findings of this study can be effective in treatment of external otitis in the future.

Toxoplasmosis is a common zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution that caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite named Toxoplasma gondii. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii in slaughtered sheep in the slaughterhouse of Tabriz from January-March 2009. For this purpose 181 blood samples, based on cross- sectional study, were collected from slaughtered sheep. In laboratory, serums were separated and subjected to Sabin Feldman Dye Test (SFDT) and Latex Agglutination Test (LAT). Serological results revealed the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in sheep 56.4% and 56.8% on the basis of LAT and SFDT, respectively. Of the 181 samples tested 102 (56.4%) and 103 (56.8%) samples with Direct Agglutination Test and Feldman Dye Test were positive, respectively. From 103 (56.8%) seropositive with Dye Test, 61 samples were titer 1: 16 and 34 samples with titer 1: 64 and 7 samples with titer 1: 256 and 1 was 1: 1024. Sensitivity and specificity of Latex Agglutination Test were 86.4% and 83.3%, respectively. Agreement between two tests was 84%. Positive and negative predictive value of Latex Agglutination Test was 87.2% and 82.2%, respectively. Results sowed that Latex Agglutination Test is a suitable method for toxoplasmosis seroepidemiological screening.

A study on slaughtered camels in Mashhad industrial abattoir showed that pneumonia is a serious disease among camels. So it seems to be necessary to detect the different agents for camel pneumonia such as Mycoplasma. These are the smallest free living organisms which lack cell wall. Mycoplasma arginini has been isolated from different animals with pneumonia and pleuropneumonia like cows, sheep and goats. It has also been reported from camels, but in Iran there is no report about it. In this study we used both culture and molecular methods for detecting it. Out of 100 specimens 19 were positive. All of positive sample were approved by Nested PCR by using two specific primers for spacer region of the rRNA. This study was the first one in Iran.

Marek’s disease (MD) is a viral disease caused by the penetration and proliferation of lymphoid cells in parietal nerves and some other organs of birds and in fact as is considered, one of the ordinary and important infectious diseases in poultry. MD viruses cause immunosuppression and predispose poultry to other infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was diagnosis of Marek’s disease virus as one of the causative agents for visceral tumors in chickens using PCR. In order to perform this study, tumoral tissue sampling was collected from slaughter houses of Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province. After DNA extraction from samples, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed using specific primers detecting 132bp tandem repeat and antigen Agene of MDV. Finally electrophoresis of PCR products was done on 1.5% agarose gel. The results showed that 62.86% of the total 280 nodul skin samples, tested for the presence of A genes of mark´s disease, were positive. In 40% of samples, 132 bp tandem repeat was also indentified. Since all the samples were tested have clinical symptoms of Marek’s disease, but the diagnosis of 62.86 percent infection based on PCR, it seems to be that other factors, except the MDV, have a role in tumor lesions in poultry.

Chitinase has many applications amongst which is its chitinolytic activity towards environmental clean up and converting the chitin into its building blocks. In a world with fast growing population and limited natural resources, the enzyme technology can be helpful to a lot of industries, helping to overcome to the future problems. For this reason, a near full-length endochitinase gene from Serratia marcescens B4A, was isolated from shrimp farming pond waste water and cloned in Escherichia coli. Subsequent to the deposition of sequence information in GenBank, further bioinformatic analyses were performed.

Nowadays molecular assays, due to their high sensitivity and specificity rates, are more employed than the traditional methods, e.g. Giemsa staining and serology, for detection of piroplasmosis in domestic animals. Therefore, in order to diagnose Theileria annulata and Theileria orientalis in traditional cattle breeding in two ecological regions of Golestan province, north of Iran, we examined the blood samples of 160 cattle during 2009 to 2010. DNA was extracted from all blood samples. Tbs-S/Tbs-A primer set was used to amplify the both Genus of Theileria and Babesia species in PCR step. For detection and differentiation of Theileria annulata from Theileria orientalis, we examined all positive cases by Semi-Nested PCR method, using specific primers. The results revealed 10% of native cattle in dry areas as well as 5% of native cattle in wet areas harbored Theileria annulata, whereas the infection rate of Theileria orientalis in dry areas was 8.75% and in wet areas was 2.5%. This is the first report from Iran indicating the presence of Theileria orientalis and the mixed infection of both Theileria in native cattle of the country, confirmed by molecular procedures.

A total of 800 sera collected from six herds of health and aborted cows in Golestan province in Iran (579 without abortion history, 221 with abortion history) were examined for presence of Neospora caninum antibodies by using commercial ELISA kit. The overall seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies was 107 from 800 (13.37±2.36%, a=0.05). Comparison of Neospora caninum serological status in age groups (<2 years, 2-4 years, >4 years) showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The prevalence of Neospora caninum was higher in the aborted cows than in non aborted cows. This is the first study on Neospora caninumanti bodies in dairy cattle herds in Golestan province in the north east of Iran.