JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
Year:2011 | Volume:7 | Issue:21 (SUPPLEMENTARY)|Papers Count:13

Cadmium is known as one of the most important environmental contaminants. It has many toxic effects on beings. The aim of this research was studying the role of one of the commercial garlic tablets in prevention of cadmium hepatotoxicity in rats. For this purpose, 30 rats were randomly divided into five groups of six animals each. The study groups were designated as normal saline group, cadmium group (3 mg/kg), garlic group (100 mg/kg), cadmium (3 mg/kg) +garlic extract (50 mg/kg), and cadmium (3 mg/kg) +garlic extract (100 mg/kg). Cadmium chloride was administered subcutaneously a dose per day although the mixture of garlic extract and corn oil was gavaged a dose per day. The study period continued for four weeks. The results revealed that serum ALT and AST increased in rats which received only cadmium chloride, whereas the garlic extract administration significantly decreased them in cadmium+garlic extract groups. Cellular swelling was the only obvious pathologic change in the livers which got toxic by cadmium. However, there were no obvious change in the livers of the rats that received preventive garlic extract doses. It was concluded that the commercial garlic extract tablet can prevent the hepatotoxic effects of cadmium chloride consumption.

The effects sublethal concentrations of diazinon on hormonal parameters of kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum, Kamensky, 1901) were studied under static water quality conditions at 15oC ± 2oC in winter and spring 2009. The effective physical and chemical parameters of water were pH=7-8.2, DH=300 mg/L (caco3), DO=7 ppm and T=15oC±2oC. The first test was primarily to determine the effects of acute toxicity (LC50 in 96 h) of the agricultural toxicant diazinon on kutum male brood stocks. For this purpose, 4 treatments were used to test toxicity; each treatment was repeated in 3 tanks with 9 fish per treatment and with 180 litres water capacity. The second stage of testing consists of treatments: LC0=0 as experimental treatment, treatment 1 with a concentration of LC1=0.107 mg/L, treatment 2 with concentration of LC5=0.157 mg/L, treatment 3 with concentration of MAC value=0.04 mg/L. Male brood stocks of kutum were treated with these concentrations for 45 days. Experiments were carried out under static conditions based on the standard method over 45 days. Our results show that long-term exposure to diazinon causes a decrease in the testosterone. In addition, diazinon also causes an increase in adrenaline (p<0.05). There are no significant effects on cortisol and noradrenaline levels in kutum male brood stocks (p>0.05).

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of GnRH administration and using different levels of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) on reproductive performance of Raieni goats. A total of 100 Raieni goats (45.5±3.6 Kg) with a body condition score (3-3.5) in completely randomized design, were allocated into five groups. Synchronization of estrus was done using CIDR for a 14-day period. 20 goats in first group were kept as the control and other treated goats were injected intramuscularly 2.5 ml GnRH (T2), 2.5 ml GnRH with 150 IU eCG (T3), 5 ml GnRH with 300 IU eCG (T4) and 5 ml GnRH with 450 IU eCG (T5). During 24 to 48 hours after removal CIDR, the goats came into estrous using of 10 aproned bucks at the time of mating. The results showed that the estrus incidence rate was significantly different in control groups compared with other treatment (p>0.05). The pregnancy rates were 89.24, 93.17, 99.56, 100 and 85.61 % in treatments and control group respectively in which the pregnancy rate in T5 was significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05). Twinning rate was significantly lower in control group compared to other treatments. The results of the present study showed that eCG treatment with GnRH hormone can increase reproductive performance in Iranian Raieni goats.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary tallow and vegetable oils on performance, egg shell quality, biochemical and immunity system parameters in layer hens. In this experiment a total of 288 hen were used in a completely randomized design with different fat sources (soybean oil, sunflower oil, tallow), with three replicates (n=12) from 50 to 62 wk of age hyline layer hens. Experimental group were offered diets having control diet (without fat or oil), 4% soybean oil, 4% tallow, 4% sunflower oil, 2% soybean oil+2% Tallow, 2% soybean oil+2% sunflower oil, 2% sunflower oil+2% Tallow, 1.33% soybean oil+1.33% sunflower oil+1.33% Tallow. In comparison to control diet, egg weight, egg production, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, egg specific gravity, eggshell weight, yolk index, albumin weight, and haugh unit did not differ among hens fed the different fat sources. Feed consumption (FC) indicated the tallow had a higher FC than control diet (p<0.05). Dietary treatments did not influence glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, heterophil (H), lymphocyte (L), and H/L. These data showed that the different sources of fat and different combinations of them did not affect performance, egg quality.

Vincristine is alkaloid that was derived by Vincarosea and it is administered for inhibition of division of malignant tumor cells with high proliferation. Occurring of malformation in embryos was proved in pregnant mothers who received this drug (23-85 percent). However, there was no adequate information about its toxic effect in newborns cerebellum structures. Will considering to Blood Placenta Barrier (B.P.) passing and cytotoxic effect, rate of destructive effects to formation of cerebellum in newborns was demonstrated in this study 20 female Mice were pregnant with male Mice and served as two groups (control and experimental) accidentally. The Mice of experimental group received this drug 3mg/kg in days 10 and 15 of pregnancy (IP). In the end of pregnancy duration 48 newborns were selected for sampling from control and grooming accidentally and after performing of histotechnique and staining whit H& E were considered under light microscope. It was used from T-test and SPSS software for analyzing data obtaining from quantative parameters. In base of morphologic observations performing in grooming group, it was obtained significant decrease in weight, skull size and newborn growth in comparison with control group (p<0.001). In base of microscopic observations from primary growth of cerebellum, experimental group in comparison with control group, it was no tissue regulation in molecular, porkinje and granular layers and it was in primary formation. White matter of cerebellum was seen with increasing in interstitial space and decreasing in compaction of neuroglia cells accompany with deficiency in dismyelination of nervous fibers. Occurring of apoptosis were seen in epithelial cells of choroid network and white matter neuroglia cells in experimental group, in base of obtaining conclusions we can conclude that effects of anti-mitosis drugs con include inhibitive activity of drug to difference and proliferation of cortical cells of cerebellum and its formation ultimately and it causes to support of apoptosis induction in choroid network cells and cerebellum.

The aim of this study was to evaluate of the effects of different doses of aqueous extract of Matricaria Chamomillia on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization in male N-MRI mice (20±5g). Locomotion was assessed by open field method. Sensitization was induced by single injection of morphine (5mg/kg) in three consecutive days. Followed by 5 days resting on the 9th day of the experiments, the sensitization was assessed in animals by a single injection of very low dose of morphine (0.5mg/kg). Aqueous extract (10, 20, 30 mg/kg) were administrated (i.p) during or after induction of morphine sensitization, then the sensitization were tested in the animals. Results showed that administration of aqueous extracts (10, 20, 30 mg/kg) 30 min before the morphine administration caused hypoactivity. Administration of aqueous extracts before morphine injection in the training days, caused a significant decrease in locomotor activity in animals that reduced the acquisition of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization. Injection of aqueous extract (20 mg/kg) in the test day, before morphine administration also reduced the expression of morphine induces behavioral sensitization. It can be concluded that aqueous extract of matricaria may inhibit locomotor activity in mice and also aqusition and expression of morphine- induced behavioral sensitization in male adult mice as well.

Different studies showed that the root of Valerian officinaliscontains free amino acid like GABA and other material like Valeric acid and Isovalerat. Also showed that GABA, Valeric acid and Isovalerat had anticonvulsant effects in animal seizure models. In traditional medicine anticonvulsant effect of Valerian officinalisis reminded. In this study anticonvulsant effect of Valerian officinalis using standard method of making chemical seizure with PTZ in mice, was studied. After measuring seizure threshold with PTZ in control group, different doses of Valerian officinalis (0.25, 0.5, 1 g/kg) orally administrated. Results showed that the PTZ seizure threshold was 35.52 0.85 mg/kg in control group. In animals pretreated with Valerian officinalis the PTZ seizure threshold showed dose dependently increased (p<0.05). In conclusion results showed that: the mechanism of anticonvulsant effect of Valerian officinalis probably is via GABAergic effect of this agent. This subject needs to be more investigation in human.

Although GnRH effects in regulating and controlling the animal reproduction have been well documented, studies considering the effects of topical process, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and embryo development are almost lacking. We evaluated the effects of different concentration of GnRH on the process of oocyte maturation and embryo development. Collected immature oocytes (1608 cells) placed in IVM, IVF and IVC media, supplemented by 0, 800, 1000 and 1500ng of GnRH. The results demonstrated that despite the topical effects of GnRH on bovine ovaries, it did not have a significant role on fertilization and development. IVF media containing 1000ng of GnRH showed an increase in cleavage rate. Moreover, by incorporating 800ng and 1000ng of GnRH to IVC, blastocyst rate and the number of trophectoderm cells were increased (p<0.05).

In order to study the effects of time of changing starter diets to grower and different protein levels on performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with10 treatment (9 experimental treatment and 1 control treatment) in 3 replicate (with 20 bird in each replicate) with 3 levels of crude protein (NRC recommendation, 2 percent lower and 2 perecent higher then NRC standard high of them) in 2 feeding period (0-17 and 17-42 days). The control group was at the base of NRC crude protein recommendation in 2 breeding period including starter (0-21) and grower (21-42) days. In this experiment 600 broiler chicks of Ross-308 strain for 42 days was used. The results showed that the time of changing starter diets to grower from day 21 to 17 and the decreasing 2 percent of crude protein than NRC recommendation in starter and grower periods did not have any significant effect on performance of broiler and the lowest feed cost for production per kilogram of live weight and the lowest percent of abdominal fat was observed in this experimental group and the highest percent of breast meat was observed in experimental groups with 2 percent of low crude protein in grower period. The overall results showed that decreasing of starter feeding period from 21 to 17 with decreasing 2 percent of diet crude protein than NRC crude protein recommendation do not have any adverse effects on performance of broilers, but also have positive economically effects and can improve carcass quality and decrease environmental problems.

The effect of processing of diet on performance of fattening kurdish lambs were investigated during a period of 90 days using 90 kurdish lambs of 6 months old with an average live weight of 38.36 kg. Based on a completely randomized design lambs were divided to 3 treatment groups (30 lambs/group). Each treatment group divided to 3 subgroup (10 lambs/ subgroup). The dietary treatments were respectively in three different physical forms of pellet (diet 1), mash (diet 2) and control (diet 3). The diets formulated according NRC (2001) and had approximately similar nutrients contents. The dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain ADG were significantly (p<0.05) greater in lambs fed pellet and mash diets than control group. The reverse was found for feed convertion rate (FCR) (p>0.05). The results of economical comparison indicated that lambs fed pellet diet had more benefit than other groups. In general, it is concluded that pellet form of diet had superior effects on performance and net return of fattening Kurdish lambs compared with other forms of diets.

Cardiac histopathologic lesions in cattle are caused by different agents such as parasitic agents, bacterial agents and traumatic agents. Study on cardiac lesions is important from two aspects: 1- With correct diagnosis of disease, we can prevent it in flock 2- Some cardiac disorders are zoonotic which potentially dangerous for public health so, this study was conducted to study on cardiac histopathologic disorders in slaughtered cows of Qazvin province. This study was done in Ziaran and Dashte Barreh slaughterhouses on 1000 cattle. First cardiac macroscopic inspection was carried out on hearts. For microscopic investigation, samples from hearts with macroscopic lesions were obtained and pressured in 10% formalin to fix, then fix samples were evaluated through routine histopathological procedure and finally evaluated in paraffin blocks. Sections with 7.5 mm thickness cut and subjected to normal Haematoxillen & Eosine (H& E) technique. Stained slides were studied under microscope. In order to evaluate the statistic difference in incidence of various cardiac lesions, correlation test were used and p<0.05 was significant. Out of 1000 investigated hearts, 100 cases (10%) had cardiac disorders including traumatic pericarditis with 35 cases (35%) was the highest number and hemorrhagic pericarditis with 1 case (1%) showed the lowest incidence. Other disorders included hemorrhagic myocarditis, myocarditis caused by leptospirosis and cardiac tumor (lukosis) with 5 cases (5%), myocarditis caused by hydatid cyst and myocarditis caused by sarcocyst with 6 cases (6%), myocarditis caused by cysticercos with 9 cases (9%), viral myocarditis with 4 cases (4%), suppurative fibrinular pericarditis with 13 cases (13%) and fibrinular pericarditis with 11 cases (11%). With regard to obtained result, improvement of quality and type of dietary and hygienic affairs in farms are recommended.

Permethrin, a synthetic pyrethrum insecticide, is widely used as a pesticide in agriculture and ectoparasites in human and veterinary medicine. A number of studies have shown that permethrin has convulsant effect in a range of animal seizure models. It has been shown that permethrin is a seizureinduced agent via an effect on sodium and calcium channels and an inhibitory effect on GABAergic system. It has been shown that permethrin is a seizure-induced agent. Nimodipine is dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker widely used as a variety cardiovascular ailment. A number of studies have shown that calcium channel blockers have anticonvulsant effect on a range of animal seizure models. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nimodipine on permethrin-induced seizure in mice. In this experimental study, animals were pretreated by different doses of nimodipine (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) intraperitonealy, 30 min before intraperitonealy injection of permethrin (200 mg/kg). After injection of permethrin, clonic and tonic seizure were investigated. Our results showed that nimodipine dose dependently decreased permethrin-induced seizure. Nimodipine 5 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg had least (p<0.05) and greatest (p<0.001) anticonvulsant effects, respectively. Our results suggest that nimodipine possess anticonvulsant activity probably via an antagonism effect on voltage-gated calcium channels.

To study the effect of glucose on bovine epididymal sperm motility patterns by computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA), testicles were isolated from slaughtered bulls in a local slaughterhouse in Tehran suburb and carried to laboratory in cool container (4oC). In laboratory, testicles were removed from tunica albugina, epididymides were incised and 4-6×106 sperm cells/ml were transferred into BO medium containing different concentrations of glucose (G1-G4) and incubated in a 5% CO2 incubator in humid air at 38 oC for up to 8 hours. Every hour sperm cells were observed under the CASA system and data for: the proportion of sperm cells with high speed, the proportion of live sperm cells and the mean straight line velocity (VSL) were recorded. The results showed that the proportions of sperm cells with high speed were significantly higher in G3 medium comparing to other groups during 2, 4 and 6 h post incubation (p<0.05). The proportion of live sperm cells were different between G3 and G1 as well as G3 and G4 1 h post incubation (p<0.05). After incubation no significant difference was observed between different groups. VSL was not either different between groups during experiment. The results of the present study showed that higher and lower doses of glucose could not support bovine epididymal sperm motility.