Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science
Year:2015 | Volume:46 | Issue:3|Papers Count:21

In order to recognized and evaluated of biological properties and possibility control ofwild einkorn (Triticum boeticum Boiss.) growing weed in wheat fields of the West, and was carried out with laboratory, greenhouse and field in Agronomy Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, during 2010.Experimental treatments included, temperatures 5, 10,15,20,25 and 30, potential 0,-4,-8,-12 bar that was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Greenhouse and field treatments herbicides were included: diclofop methyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, clodinafop-propargyl, sulfosulfuron, mezosulfuron + iodosulfuron and pinoxaden. Recommended dosage of herbicides was used in 3-5 leaves and middle tillering growth stages of wheat and wild einkorn. Greenhouse and field treatments included were factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with four and three replication, respectively. According to the results observed with increasing osmotic potential significant decrease components germination at different temperatures. In between treatments, causing the loss of seeds and prevent germination of T. boeticum was 35 c°. Greenhouse study showed that weed biomass was affected by herbicide treatment in both stages. Among the herbicide treatments, mezosulfuron + iodosulfuron and diclofop methyl the highest increased weed biomass 37.3 and 44.8%, respectively, While the sulfosulfuron and clodinafop-propargyl the lowest decreased its 75.4 and 77.5% to the control. Based on field results and the presence of weeds in fields planted with T. boeticum Shiraz varieties, use of herbicides pinoxaden and sulfosulfuron, according to the appropriate control T. boeticum and less damage to the crop is recommended.

Artemisia annua is an annual herb native to Asia most probably China produce one of the most important sesquiterpene namely artemisinin which has antimalarial and anticancer activity. Three transcription factors belonging to WRKY family, two transcription factors belonging to MYB family and two enzymes DBR2 and OPR3 were isolated from A. annua leaves and first inserted into pJET1.2 vector then sub cloned into cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) based viral vector (pEAQ-HT). Thegenes were transiently expressed in A. annua young leaves of two different chemotypes ANAMED and Iranian wild type under the control of a constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter as vacuum infiltration. An agroinfitration method was carried out for transient expression of different genes. The analysis of metabolites by GC-MS method showed that the transcription factors which have expressed transiently, could effect on the rate of DHAA and AA metabolites. The results show that the TFs (WRKY and MYB) are involved in artemisinin biosynthesis pathway.

In order to evaluate of diversity among new maize hybrids for quantitative and morphological traits, 17 new single cross maize hybrids were studied in Shahrood Agriculture Research Station using randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Results showed that five independent factors were responsible for significant correlation between 16 measured traits and explained 89.18% of total variation. Factors with most important traits including plant and ear characteristics factor, grain yield factor, ear type, ear size and economical yield were nominated. First and second factors explained 51.8% of total variation. BC 666 hybrid had maximum yield, yield components and optimal plant height traits and introduced as the best hybrid. Cluster analysis by Ward’s minimum variance method clustered hybrids in to four groups. The creation of calculating of the groups mean and the difference from total hybrids, mean indicated that the first group including ZP 434, CISKO, BC 666 and KOSS 444 had higher value of many studied traits including yield and yield components compare to other groups and can be considered as hybrids with high yield. The second group containing genotypes of BC 678, NS 540 and OSSK 444 had higher mean than other groups for the ear height and plant height with and without tassel which was not suitable group. The third group with three genotypes had the lowest mean among groups and the fourth group with seven genotypes was the largest group and had the highest value among groups for ear diameter, 100 kernel weight, plant height with and without tassel, kernel depth and biological yield. Discrimination function analysis by Fischer’s linear method can from these results and classified hybrids in four groups and showed that the cluster analysis was corrected. Validity of grouping was confirmed by discriminate analysis (94%). Multivariate analysis of variance by Wilk’s lambda also showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between 4 groups. In conclusion it can be mentioned that there were high diversity among studied maize hybrids and four hybrids including ZP 434, CISKO, BC 666 and KOSS 444 were identified as hybrids with high yield for cultivation in climatic conditions similar to Shahrood.

Sesame is one of the most important oil crops in Iran. High oil seed content makes it difficult to store for a long period of time. This study was conducted in 2012 to evaluate possible physiological and biochemical changes in seed under different storage conditions. Various seed moisture content (5, 9, 13, and 17%) were evaluated under five temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35, 45) for six month. Germination indices including germination percentage, electrical conductivity and vigor index were evaluated for treated seeds. Moreove, after primay analysis, a number of treatments were selected and fatty acid contents were evaluated. The results indicated that by increasing moisture content and storing temperatures the seed quality decreased dramatically. Vigor index and electrical conductivity were decreased more sharply. Seed deterioration changed the fattly acids profile in a way that palmitic acid, steoric acid, and linolenic acid increased while oleic acid and and linoleic acid contents decreased. The highest content of linolenic acid was dected in stored seed with 13% moisture stored at 15oC for five month.

 In order to study the effect of on-farm seed priming and two bio-fertilizers on emergence and yield characteristics of chickpea, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in Hamedan with three replications in 2013. The factors consisted of phosphate fertilizer (0, 50 and 100 percent of recommended) bio-fertilizer (mycorrhizae, Barvar2, both of them and no-application) and priming (priming and no-priming). Results showed that priming increased emergence percent by 7.7 and emergence rate by 20.7 in conjunction with mycorrhizae and 100% phosphate fertilizer compared to no-primed, no-phosphate and no bio-fertilizer. Highest biological and grain yield were respectively 849 and 303 g.m-2 that produced by primed seeds with application of two bio-fertilizers simultaneously at 100 and 50% of phosphate recommendation respectively that were 146 and 250 percent more compared to their controls in own phosphate fertilizer levels. In this study, the highest harvest index, number of pods and seeds per square meter were achieved in priming treatment with application of two bio-fertilizers simultaneously and phosphate fertilizer consumption of 50% recommended.

In order to study the role of photosynthetic tissues on grain filling and remobilization of stem reserves under terminal drought, a pot experiment as semi-field was conducted as two-factor factorial in complete randomized design with three replicates at research farm of Agriculture college of Vali – e – Asr University of Rafsanjan during January to June 2012. First factor was source strength reduction in three levels as control, inhibition of flag leaf photosynthesis and inhibition of photosynthesis of leaves below flag leaf. The second factor was watering regime including normal watering and water withholding after flowering. Photosynthesis inhibition was applied by DCMU. Results showed that only inhibition of flag leaf photosynthesis decreased starch content but increased grain protein content. However mean grain weight was not significantly affected by this treatment. At maturity and in normal watering regime, stem water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) content was not significantly affected by source strength reduction treatments, while water withholding significantly increased it. The highest WSC content was observed in inhibition of photosynthesis of leaves below flag leaf. On the other hand, neither source strength reduction treatments nor watering regimes, had significant effect on stem nitrogen content. Results suggest that source strength reduction induced by inhibition of photosynthesis may lead to decreased sink demand for photoassimilate and nitrogen and consequently decreased remobilization efficiency.

Environmental stresses trigger a wide variety of plant responses, such as altered gene expression to changes in cellular metabolism and growth. The several plant reactions exist to circumvent the potentially harmful effects caused by light, drought, salinity, pathogen infections and other stresses. a-Tocopherol is the major vitamin E compound found in leaf chloroplasts. This antioxidant deactivates photosynthesis-derived reactive oxygen species and prevents the propagation of lipid peroxidation by scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals in thylakoid membranes. In this study, we used the tabacco plants containing of pBin:At.TC construct that overexpressed the tocopherol cyclase gene. For analysis effect of overexpressed this gene, the transgenic plants were subjected to drought stress and were studied number of physiologic parameters such as, chlorophyls and carotenoid, proline amino acid content, relative water content, membrane permeability, in transgenic and wild type plants in normal and drought stress condition. The results indicated that transgenic plants have increased chlorophyl, proline and relative water content and decreased membrane Permeability in 40 and 60 stress levels, in comparison to wild type plants. Therefore the overexpression of tocopherol cyclase gene in tabacco plants maybe cause increased plant tolerance under drought stress conditions.

The deleterious effects of salinity on plant growth and development are associated with the imbalance ion in plant, decreased K+ and increased Na+, and ultimately yield loss. In order to evaluate the effects of salinity, 41 bread wheat varieties (Trticum aestivum L.) were planted in the randomized complete block design with three replications under two saline irrigation conditions, 0.631 and 11.8 dS/m, in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Kerman, Iran. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of salinity on the grain yield, the content of sodium, potassium, the ratio of this two ions and relative water content (RWC) in flag leaf of the genotypes was significant. The indices of mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM) and stress tolerance index (STI) were calculated based on grain yield evidence positive significant correlation with Yp (yield in non-stress conditions), Ys (yield in stress conditions) and Na+ and K+ / Na+ in stress conditions. Varieties were selected based on these indices had high performance in both environments. These varieties had the lowest reduction in K+ / Na+ and RWC. Each of these indicators, tolerance indicators or the amount of Na+, K+, K+/Na+ and RWC, can be used to select tolerant varieties depending on the plant growth stage.

In order to evaluate the influence of different tillage methods and autumn pea cultivars (Arman, Hashem, ILC-482) in first cultivation on corn forage yield (variety of Single cross-704) in second cultivation, this research has been done. The experiment was conducted as Split-plot in RCBD with the replication of 4 in Tehran University from Karaj in 2012. The main plots included different tillage systems (Conventional tillage, Reduce tillage, No tillage) that in first cultivation pea cultivars and in second cultivation Single cross-704 corn were planted as sub plot. In second cultivation, the tillage of the main plot was the same as the main plot in first cultivation. The different pea cultivars in first cultivation didn’t have significant effects on corn forage yield. The highest forage yield was related to conventional and minimum tillage. Seedbed preparation costs in minimum tillage is lower than conventional tillage, so this method is suggested to obtain the maximum biomass and grain yield.

In order to assess the genetic variability for seed germination parameters under salt stress in sunflower and corresponding QTL locations, an experiment was conducted using a population of 80 recombinant inbred lines obtained from a cross between PAC2 and RHA266. The experiment was arranged under a randomized complete block design with three replications in control and saline conditions. Several germination parameters were measured including time to start germination (TSG), time to 50% germination (T50%G), time to maximum germination (TMG) and percentage of seed germination (PSG). Results showed highly significant variations among genotypes (RILs) for all traits. Salt stress had a negative effect on germination, however the significance of RIL x Condition interaction suggested that the RILs have different responses to salt stress. In this study, “1.T50%G.16.1” and “2.T50%G.17.1” QTLs (controlling T50%G under salt and control conditions, respectively) were introduced as large-effect QTLs. Moreover, “2.TSG.16.1” and “1.TSG.16.1” QTLs (controlling TSG) and also “2.PSG.12.1”, “1.PSG.12.1”, “2.PSG.12.3” and “1.PSG.12.2” QTLs (controlling PSG) were introduced as stable QTLs.

In order to select high yielding triticale promising lines with better agronomical and morphophysiological characteristics, this experiment was conducted on triticale genotypes received from CIMMYT international nurseries trials in 2010-11 crop season at research stations of Karaj, Mashhad and Birjand. Based on the results of combined ANOVA, the effect of genotype was statistically significant on grain yield and most studied characteristics (p<0.01), which showed different responses of the genotypes to the locations. The results of coefficients of correlation between the studied characterstics showed that the grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with related characteristics of remobilization and its efficiency and also peduncle weight, peduncle height and penultimate weight. According to the results of stepwise regression, the two characteristics of remobilization and peduncle length were respectively the most influencing characteristics on grain yield determining more than 50% of the grain yield variation (r2 = 0.533). Based on the results of the polygon studying response of the studied genotypes in the target locations, the genotypes 29, 20 and 23 were among the best suited ones for all the three locations. While results of the biplots for the genotypes for the studied characteristics showed highest relationship of grain yield with remobilization. Thus, the genotypes 23 (IRON_2/5/DISB5/3/S…BAGAL_2//FARAS_1), 29 and 28 as sisterlines (LIRON_2/5/DISB5/3/SPHD/PVN//YOGUI...) (and 20 (DAHBI_6/3/ARDI_1/TOPO 1419//ERIZO…) with higher remobilizations and grain yields were selected as the best genotypes. As a conclusion, it seems the remobilization can be regarded as a recommended characteristic in selection of triticale promising lines for target locations.

Seed germination is the most sensitive growth stages of the plant to salinity stress. Seeds of many species produce a jelly-like layer called mucilage upon exposure to water. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of mucilage in increasing salinity tolerance of Lallemantia ibrica. Seeds of this plantcontain mucilage that can be used to treat some diseases such as neurological, liver and kidney disorders. Thus, a factorial experiment was conducted arranged in completely randomized design with four replications at Botany Laboratory of Yazd University in 2013. Salinity stresses (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 dS m-1) and seed type (with and without mucilage) were considered as first and second factors, respectively. Results showed that all traits were significantly affected by salinity stress. Germination and early growth of both seeds type decreased with increasing salinity stress. The highest and lowest seed germination rates were obtained in control and salinity level of 20 dS/m, respectively. Seeds with mucilage had higher seed germination and shoot length compared to seeds without mucilage. Overall, results indicated the positive role of mucilage in improving germination of L. ibrica seeds under salinity stress. However, the ability of mucilage in improving seed germination depends on plant species and amount of seeds mucilage.

The aim of this study was to evaluate germination of different sesame genotypes on response to temperature. Heat and Cold Tolerance Indexes were determined using cardinal temperatures and evaluations of genotypes were conducted to tolerate high or low temperatures using determined indexes. In order to, germination tests were conducted in fixed temperatures incubators with 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45oC on 9 sesame genotypes, in 4 replications with 50 seeds. Finally, cardinal temperatures were estimated using segmented function, and tolerant genotypes to high or low temperatures were determined using estimated cardinal temperatures. Results indicated that mean of base (Tb), optimum (To) and ceiling (Tc) temperatures were 12.8, 38.0 and 49.3oC for studied genotypes. Thermal tolerances in sub-optimal, supra-optimal and total thermal tolerance were 25.2, 11.3, and 36.5oC, respectively. Tolerance index to cold or heat were significantly differed among genotypes, and the mean of them were 2.37 and 2.73. Finally, maximum germination rate, heat tolerance index (HTI) and Tb had the maximum heritability ratio with 98.3, 95.9 and 95.5 %and the minimum heritability ratio was 3.2 % for Tc.

Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most crop that its forage produce is developed in the country. This field research carried out in order to investigate the effect of seed coating with growth promoting bacteria )Azotobacter and Pseudomonas and micronutrients Zn, B, Mo, Cu, Fe and Mn on quantitative and qualitative yield of forage corn )Zea mays L. SC. 640 (.The experiment design consisted of three randomized complete blocks was performed in 2013-2014 cropping season in Rice Researches Institute of Rasht. Investigated treatments in this research were including seed without coating, seed coating without bacteria and micronutrients, seed coating with micronutrients and without bacteria, seed coating with Pseudomonas and without micronutrients, seed coating with Pseudomonas and micronutrients, seed coating with Azotobacter and without micronutrients, seed coating with Azotobacter and micronutrients, seed coating with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas and without micronutrients, seed coating with )Azotobacter and Pseudomonas and micronutrients. Seed coating with Pseudomonas and micronutrients treatment was highest in the most of characteristics. For purposes of forage quality, Seed coating with Pseudomonas and micronutrients treatment allocated the highest of dry matter digestibility percentage, crude protein percentage and water soluble carbohydrates percentage, too. Also the highest of acid detergent fiber percentage and ash percentage observed in control. The present finding showed that growth promoting bacteria with micronutrients have a greater impact on plant growth. These bacteria in combination with micronutrients can improve quantitative and qualitative yield of plant.

To evaluate the effect of chemical and bio-fertilizer on nitrogen, phosphorus and potash concentration, biochemical traits and calyxes yield of roselle, an experiment was conducted in the split plot based on randomized coplete block design with three replications, at the Research Station in Zabol University, during 2013 and 2014. The main plot consisted of three levels: phosphorus, nitrogen and NPK fertilizer and the subplot involved five levels: Nitroxin, supernitroplus, superbiosulphate, mycorrhizal and non-bio-fertilizer. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effects of chemical and biological fertilizers were significant (P≤0.01) for all studied traits. Interaction of chemical and biological fertilizer was significant for all traits except for percentag of leaves nitrogen, phosphorus and protein. The highest values for the percentage of leaves and sepals nitrogen, leaves and sepals protein, percentage of sepals potash, sepals anthocyanin content, sepals vitamin C content, sepals acidity and calyxes yield belong to the NPK fertilizer in combination with nitroxin bio-fertilizer treatment. The highest values for the percentage of leaves and sepals phosphorus triates belong to the NPK fertilizer in combination with superbiophosphate bio-fertilizer treatment. Thus, with respect to the production of medicinal plants in cropping systems, the use of chemical fertilizers with bio-fertilizers to improve the efficiency of chemical fertilizers in order to achieve sustainable agriculture and environmental protection are recommended.

Salinity affects plant growth by the osmotic stress of salt around the roots as well as by toxicity caused by excessive accumulation of salt in leaves. The study of photosynthetic traits as a rapid and non-destructive tool demonstrates the great potential for improving plant productivity and stress tolerance. A pot experiment was carried out to investigate short-term effects of osmotic stress (45 min) on photosynthetic traits of four durum wheat genotypes (namely Coulter and Seklavi, Candicans and Brkulja) differing in salt tolerance under low concentrations of 50 mM KCl and NaCl. Gas exchange and photosynthesis were reduced immediately after the onset of osmotic stress caused by both treatment (10-15% and 5-10%, respectively), but were recovered immediately over the time. Photosynthetic traits responded similarly to iso-osmotic concentrations of KCl and NaCl. The relationship between Na+ concentration in the leaf and stomatal conductance response in all four genotypes exposed to both salt treatments for 45 min showed no effect of Na+ toxicity within the plant. Stomatal factors limit photosynthesis of salt-stressed plants more than non-stomatal components of photosynthesis. In general, it seems that the main factor affecting of photosynthetic responses using diferrent osmotic was osmotic pressure of the salt outside the roots not the Na+ toxicity.

 In order to effect of different mulch materials and optimal chemical, organic and biological fertilizer management on ecological agriculture characteristics in common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) in Khuzestan conditions, a filed experiment was conducted at experimental field of Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University in Ahwaz, south-western of Iran, during 2010- 2011 growing season. Treatments were arranged as a factorial-spilit experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fertilizer treatments at five system (S1: chemical fertility systems, S2: chemical fertility systems+ biofetilizers, S3: chicken manure, S4: chicken manure + biofetilizers and S5: cow manure + biofetilizers) and three mulch materials (M1: without mulch, M2: wheat straw, M3: black plastic). In first cutting, the result indicated that application chicken manure and chicken manure + biofertilizers was increased the plant dry weight, plant height and chlorophyll content, In second and third cutting, chemical fertility system+ biofetilizers(S2) had the highest the plant dry weight, plant height and chlorophyll content. The black plastic in first and second cutting was the highest plant dry, the plant height and chlorophyll content but this mulch was not a good production in third cutting. The result of the experiment revealed that the plant dry weight was higher in third harvest. This case showed probability of application of mulch and organic manures and biofetilizers with chemical manure in common purslane for sustainable and healthy production.