Journal of Plant Production Research
Year:2012 | Volume:19 | Issue:2|Papers Count:10

To investigate the yield and agronomic traits of winter bread wheat genotypes in irrigating condition and also to determine the relationship of these traits with grain yield, 15 advanced genotypes of wheat along with three conventional cultivars where studied using randomized complete block design in three replications in 2010 growing season at Kheyr-Abad Agricultural Research Station. The analysis of variance showed that there are significant differences between genotypes in thousand kernel weight, days to heading, harvest index, the number of grains in spike, grain yield, main spike length and seed weight in spike. There was significant and positive correlation among grain yield with plant height (r=0.70*) and the seed weight in spike (r=0.59*) in irrigating condition, while there was negative and significant correlation between the grain yield and the number of fertile tillers (r2=-0.73**). Path analysis in irrigating condition showed that the harvest index, the number of spikes per m2 and days to heading had the greatest positive effect on the grain yield. On the whole, line number 4 (Col No.3625//Alamoot) have the most yield (7997 Kg/ha) compared to other lines. This line was selected as the most productive at irrigating condition according to obtained results.

In order to determine values of energy consumption and energy indices in cultivating tomato in greenhouses of Kermanshah province, thirty tomato greenhouses in two regions in the province were studied and evaluated. Theses greenhouses from aspects of construction and other used systems completely were the same and just in planting management were different. To conduct the research at first, questionnaire forms were designed. Some main questions in the questionnaire forms were such as, area of greenhouse, type and rate of fertilizer and chemical materials, number of used worker, value of water consumption, construction parameters of greenhouse and type and using time from machines. Then, these questionnaire forms were filled and thus, requirement information were obtained to calculate consumption energy and determination of energy indices. Obtained results indicated that average values of energy consumption (input energy) to produce one kilogram tomato greenhouse was 0.8081 Mj. Values of energy productivity, net energy gain and energy ratio were respectively 1.327 kg/Mj, -1225.426 Mj/ha and 0.989. The obtained values of energy indices were showed that energy efficiency is low at studied greenhouses in Kermanshah province. However, since prices of energy factors are low and price of produced tomato is expensive thus, cultivation and production of greenhouse tomato is still economic in Kermanshah province.

To study the efficacy of some new registered herbicides for controlling potato weeds, two field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in Damavand, Tehran. Both experiments were established as randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were prosulfucarb EC 80% at 2, 3, 4 and l ha-1, metribuzin WP 70% at 750 g ha-1, pendimethalin EC 33% at 3 and 5 l ha-1, rimsulfuron DF 25% at 40 and 60 g ha-1 plus cytogate at 2.5% v/v, paraquat SL 20% at 3 l ha-1, and no- herbicide application as control plot. Each plot was divided into two equal 4m halves. Herbicides were applied in one-half, and the other half was kept as its weed-infested control. Samplings were done at 15, 30 and 45 days after herbicide application (DAHA) in both halves of all plots, and weeds were counted based on species, over-dried and weighed. Visual rating of weed control was also done in each sampling. As no grass weed grew in the field experiment, the effects of herbicide treatments on barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), green foxtail (Setaria viridis) and Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) were studied in the greenhouse experiment. Germinated weed seeds and potato seeds were planted in pots. Treatments were same as in the field experiment. At 15, 30 and 45 DAHA, percent survived weeds were assessed in each pot. All herbicide treatments had significant effects on weed control (P<0.01) and potato tuber yield (P<0.05). Paraquat at 3 l ha-1, rimsulfuron at 40 and 60 ha-1 plus cytogate at 2.5% v/v and metribuzin at 750 g ha-1 were the most effective treatments on broadleaf weeds. Pendimethalin at 3 and 5 l ha-1 showed the best performance for controlling grass weeds in addition to the aforementioned herbicides.

Germination is a crucial stage in seedling establishment and hence plays a key role in crop production. Crop establishment but, depends on the interaction between environmental stress and seed quality. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the reaction of aged cottonseed in various levels of salinity and germination of cotton seed. The research was carried out in factorial design with CRD arrangement in three replications. Treatments included salinity in 6 levels (0, 5.5, 11, 16.5, 22 and 28 ds m-1) and 7 seed aging times (0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours accelerated aging periods). Results indicated that the rate and percentage of seed germination and dry weight of seedling reduced significantly with increasing the levels of aging and salinity. Also, the interaction between salinity and seed aging was significant. In all aging times, germination percentage, germination rate also seedling dry weight reduced when salinity increased but rate of decreasing was more in seeds which had high aging intensity. As a result, in 120 h aging treatment, no seed was germinated in 28 ds m-1 salinity, but in this salinity level, the germination of control seeds (not aged) was between 18%-65%. Generally, results of this study showed that tolerance of cotton seeds to salinity decreased with increasing aging period, then in saline regions, for obtaining optimum density and maximum yield, must avoid of sowing aged seeds.

The Silybum marianum is the dicotyledonous herbs of the Asteraceae Family that is important in medicinal industry. The biological active compound of Silybum marianumis a mixture of several flavonolignans generally known as the silymarin. These flavonolignans are used for treatment of various liver diseases, hepatitis, diabetes, heart diseases, cancer, blood cholesterol and etc. The purpose of this work was optimizing of Silybium marianum tissue culture for silymarin production. In the current work, the effect of 2, 4-D, Kin and NAA hormones were investigated on callus formation in root, leaf and shoot explants. Finally the best hormone concentration was determined for silymarin production. The experiment performed in complete randomized test with three replicates. The results showed that the highest percentage of callus formation (%98) was observed at 1 & 1.5 mg/l of 2, 4- D and Kin hormones in root explants. Also maximum percentage of callus formation (%97) was observed at 1.5 & 1.5 mg/l of NAA and Kin hormone treatment in root explants. In the most treatments, the color of callus was light yellow to light green and their physical structures were soft. Flavonolignan measurement showed that the maximum percentage of silymarin (14.4%) was observed at 0.5 & 1 mg/l of 2, 4-D and Kin hormones in calluses from root explants. Meanwhile, the highest percentage of silymarin (9.68%) was achieved at 1.5 & 1 mg/l of NAA and Kin in calluses from root explants.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of osmotic stress due to PEG on seed germination of safflower in Pythium ultimum infested environment. The experiment was conducted in factorial fashion in which four safflower genotypes (Dinger, Aceteria, LRV- 5151, and Arak 2811), and four osmotic stress levels (0, -10, -14, and -18 bar) were treated on paper towel media. The evaluated traits that were included, percent and speed of seed germination, speed of damping off, ratio of damping off to germination, and seedling dry weight. Results indicated that for the all traits, levels of osmotic stress had significant difference from control (0 bar). Unlike zero levels of osmotic stress (control) that fungal infection caused reduction in percent and speed of seed germination and seedling dry weight, in osmotic stress level (-10 bar) pathogen caused increases these traits. Increasing of osmotic levels from zero to -10 bar in infested environment caused reduction in speed of damping off, ratio of damping off to germination. Results showed that, although individual effects of osmotic stress and pathogen infection caused decrease in seeds germination and seedling growth properties, but their interactions improved percent and speed of germination in -10 bar in relation to control. Results of this study indicated that interaction between pathogen and osmotic stress had positive to some extant and could be useful for crop, so safflower could be cultivate in these conditions.

Arsenic is chemically similar to phosphorus which study of their interaction is important for understanding their uptake and accumulation in plants. In this study effect of different arsenate and phosphate treatment on biomass and their accumulation in two wheat cultivars (Zarin and Sardari) were investigated. The plants were grown in Hoagland's solution for 3 weeks then treated with different concentrations of arsenate (0-250 mM) and phosphate (0-300 mM). The results showed that phosphorus has significant effect on arsenic uptake and accumulation and root and shoot biomass. The low treatments of phosphorus (0-50 mM) had less effect on accumulation of arsenic and biomass in two cultivars but plant biomass and arsenic accumulation increased significantly with increasing phosphorus concentrations (150-300 mM). Also the low concentrations of arsenate had no significant effect on phosphorus uptake and plant biomass, which these criteria decreased significantly at high arsenic treatments. In conclusion, this study shows that applying appropriate treatments of phosphorus in arsenic contaminated solutions can be used as important technique for decreasing arsenic in harvestable parts of wheat cultivars.

Fusarium disease of wheat is one of the important diseases in wet and subtropical regions in Iran. Using the biological agents is effective in controlling this disease. In this experiment, were used 3 species of nativeTrichoderma: T. atroviridae, T. harzianum and T. virens as biological agents. Also to compare between the effects of fungicide and antagonist agents were used of Propiconazole.Tested on two wheat cultivars Falat & Moghan, in the form of spilet plot-factoriel with 3 replications in the field conditions. When spikes were in the pollination stage they were sprayed in three different times: T1 (first sprayed with Trichodermasuspensions (3×107/ml) and two days after sprayed with Fusarrium suspentions (3×105/ml)), T2 (sprayed with Fusarium and Trichoderma simultaneously) and T3 (first sprayed with Fusarrium suspentions (3×105/ml) and two days after sprayed with Trichoderma suspensions (3×107/ml)). The mean comparisions showed that all control treatments had a significant difference, with infected control treatment (p=95%), and in infected control treatment was higher infection rate and severity of pollution and was less thousand grain wighte, compared with other treatments. In other treatments, fungicide treatment was less infection rate and severity of pollution and was higher thousand grain weight and yield compared with antagonistic treatments (p=95%). In different times of sprayed in relation to infection rate and severity of pollution and yield, the results showed that the treatments which were used at T1 better results compared with the time T2 and T3. Consequently, the time T1 was known as the most efficient use Trichoderma. In relation to varieties of wheat the results showed that, between two cultivars wheat were significant difference and cultivar of moghan showed the better results compared with falat cultivar.

Linden tree is one of the plant species growing along the border of Caspian Sea and south of Alborz Mountain. The flowers, fruits, leaves and the bark of the plant contain some valuable polyphenols compounds including chersiterin, Christine, rutin and campherol that widely are used in pharmaceutical industries. It was the aim of present experiment to investigate the effect of growing regions on the quality and quantity of polyphenols of different parts of linden tree. Flowers, fruits, leaves, and barks of the experimental plants were collected based on randomized block design with three replications, both in Gorgan and Kelardasht forests. Parameters like fresh weight, dry weight, total extract of samples, and the content of rutin and chersiterin were measured in this experiment. Results showed that growing region significantly influenced on the amount of measured polyphenolic compounds. Generally the accumulation of polyphenolic compounds of linden trees influenced by environmental conditions, in which the highest content of rutin (0.53%) and chersiterin (2.18%) were recorded in Kelardasht.