Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Year:2020 | Volume:12 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:8

The ability to judge the trajectory of a moving stimulus and to organize a motor response so that the arrival at the target coincides with the arrival of the moving object at the same time is termed coincidence anticipation timing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colors and gender on the Coincidence anticipation timing task. Therefore, 60 participants aged8 to10years old were chosen based on randomised sampling design (30 girls and 30 boys). Timing error was recorded by a coincidence-anticipation apparatus. Independentt-test, ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used at the significant level of 0/05. Results suggested no significant difference between boys and girls in coincidence anticipation timing task (P=0/289) and the lowest timing error in a blue background and also significant difference timing errors were observed between the blue background, with other color (F(2, 59)=22/17, P=0/001). In genral the results of this study indicated that gender didn, t affect the Coincidence anticipation timing task and the blue background color would facilitate the performance and effectiveon reduce errors timing in stimuli predicting spatially and temporally.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of attentional focus instructions on spatial memory in children. Thirty girl students with the mean age from 7 to 12 years were selected by convenience sampling from elementary schools in Tehran. Participants were randomly divided into three attentional focus groups (internal, external, control). Participants in the internal focus group were asked to focus their attention on the movements of their hand, whereas participants in the external focus group were asked to focus their attention to the movement path and target. Control group participants received no focus instructions. Children participated in the practice (a total of 50 trials), acquisition, retention, and transfer phases. Acquisition phase lasted five consecutive days. The instrument used for measuring spatial memory was linear movement apparatus (LM-01 model). Analysis of Covariance and Bonferoni tests were used at p <0. 05 level. The results of Covariance were significant in all acquisition (p=0/005), retention (p=0/000) and transfer (p=0/003) tests. Based on Bonferroni test results, external focus group performed better than both internal focus and control groups. However, internal focus and control groups had no significant difference. According to the results of this study, the benefits of external focus on children was higher than internal focus.

The main purpose of the present study was to explore the attitude of children, adolescents, parents and coaches towards sport and physical activity. The study utilized a directed qualitative content analysis approach to explore information transference in the way of narratives expressed by 12 youngster athletes, 8 parents, and 5 coaches using semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded on a digital recording system before the voice recordings were transcribed to text. The collected data were analyzed by directed qualitative content analysis. Findings were categorized into two general types of motivation including intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation factors included psychological motivation as well as the need of achievement motivation, while extrinsic motivation factors included motives like leisure, well-being, health, receiving support from family, coaches and community, as well as external motivations, social based motivations, improvement life skills, the effect of role models and media, and staying focused while at work and getting distracted. Based on results of the present study, it could be concluded that young athletes tend to do sport due to different goals, the most important of which was found to be psychological ones. To encourage youngsters to do sport and exercise more often, parents and coaches are strongly advised to strengthen those motivations.

The special skill is highly specific skill embedded within a more general class of skills or, as a dictionary definition would suggest, an exception to the rule. The present study attempted to investigate the emergence of especial skill in shooting with air gun at two skill levels (skilled, novice). The population studied here included all male and female shooters from the city of Semnan. The study was conducted on a sample of 40 shooters, consisting of two groups of women with the mean age of M= 21. 33 and two groups of men with the mean age of M= 23. 44, who performed shooting with air gun at five distances (8, 9, 10, 11, 12 meters) from the target. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, tables, and figures) as well as inferential statistics (regression and one-way analysis of variance). Simple linear regression with the significance level P<. 05 was used to calculate predictive scores and to develop a model that shows differences between predictive scores and actual performance scores. A significant difference was found between actual and predictive scores in all groups (p<. 05): the differences found between actual and predictive scores were significant at P=0. 031 for skilled male shooters, P=0. 044 for novice male shooters, P=0. 010 for skilled female shooters, and P=0. 048 for novice female shooters. These findings support emergence of especial skill in all groups of air gun shooters in this study and important issue of practice feature Principles in motor learning is confirmed.

Quiet eye is considered as a special gaze to a location of Motor space that is an indicator of motor control. The Aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between quiet eye durations and location of gaze fixation with performance. The research sample included 60 right-handed boys. The Snellen chart was used to assess vision. Task was a golf putting and the visual information was recorded through eye track glasses and motor information via a Video camera. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient test showed the relationship between quiet eye and performance. Also, the correlation between the location of gaze fixation with quiet eye and performance was determined by Eta correlation coefficient. The results of ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between location of gaze fixation in quiet eye and performance variables. In other words, the duration and location of the fixation affect the motor performance. The components of vision can have an effective role in motor control.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of biorhythm cycle on physical ability of female volleyball players. The statistical population of the present study included of 120 female volleyball athletes in the age range of 17-20 in 1397 in Boshrouieh city. For this purpose, 30 volleyball female athletes among participants are eligible to enter the study were selected by random sampling. Type of research in terms of purpose has been applied. and in terms of method, it's been semi-experimental which is done by field. In addition According to the date of birth of each subject their biorhythm diagram was plotted and they observed their cycles according to the biorhythm chart and the days of decline and in fitness tests including the Madison Ball throw, to evaluate upper body strength, agility test and vertical sagittal jump, to evaluate lower trunk muscle strength. To analyze the data in addition to using descriptive statistics indices, kolmogorov-Smirnov test and dependent t-test were used. The results showed there was a significant difference between the muscular strength of the subjects in the recharge and discharge days based on the biorhythm cycle (p= 0. 035). and also, between the lower trunk muscular strength of subjects on recharge and discharge days based on the biorhythm cycle there is a significant difference (p= 0. 004). There is a significant difference between agility of volleyball girls in recharge and discharge days based on biorhythm cycle (p= 0. 004).

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of distribution of practice on the acquisition, retention with different intervals 1, 7, and also judgment of learning accuracy of forehand drive in table tennis. The 32 female student with 18-24 years old that passed specialized table tennis unit, contributed as convicted. They randomly were divided to massed and distributed practice groups. The skill used in this study was the forehand drive. After pretest, the massed group practiced all 240 Trails in one session, and the distributed practice group practiced 60 trials per day on 4 consecutive days. After acquisition phase, Participants were asked to predict performance on the retention phase. Participants were asked, “ what would you predict your average score on the first the retention test? “ And then half of participants of each group contributed for a retention test 1 day later, half of other participants of each group contributed for retention test 7 days later. The data were analyzed by independent sample t test and two – way analysis of variants (ANOVA) with repeated test. The result showed significant differences between massed and distributed practice groups in the acquisition, retention (1, 7) test and also judgment of learning (p<0. 05). Indeed, spacing practice affect acquisition and retention and judgment of learning. This findings suggested spacing practice affect performance and learning and also when learners predict or estimate their performances, they experience suitable strategies for practice circumstances and it can effective factor on performance.