Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Year:2015 | Volume:7 | Issue:3|Papers Count:16

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of selected exercise training on reducing the symptom of muscular hypotonia and changing body composition in men with Down syndrome. In this semi-experimental study which was performed in Nemoneh Disability Rehabilitation Centre of Tehran, 24 men with Down syndrome were randomly divided into control (n=11) and experimental (n=13) groups. The experimental group followed the selected exercise training for 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Results showed that after 12 weeks of selected exercise training, body fat percentage significantly reduced (P<0.05) and lean body mass and muscle performance (in 5 out of 6 tests to assess muscle strength, endurance and power) significantly increased (P<0.05). All these variables did not have a significant difference in the control group (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that this type of multidimensional exercise training can improve physical health of adults with Down syndrome by reducing body fat percentage and increasing muscle tissue and performance and reduce physical symptoms of Down syndrome for the benefit of improving physical health.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived motivational climate and self-determination in judokas in Tran premier league, which was carried out by a correlation field method. The statistical population consisted of all judokas of premier league in Iran. The statistical sample was 126 judokas. in order to collect data, demographic questionnaire, perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire- 2 (PMCSQ) and sport motivation scale (SMS) were used. In order to analyze data, descriptive statistics were used and also to determine the relationship, multiple regression was used at P£0.05. Results showed a significant relationship between perceived motivational climate and self-determination (P£0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between performance climate and internal and external motivation and there was a significant relationship between mastery climate and internal motivation (P£0.05). But, there was no relationship between motivational climate and a motivation (P£0.05). Generally, perceived motivational climate is an important and predictive factor for self-determination.

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of different combinations of music and rhythmic movements on behavioral problems of children with mild mental retardation. A total of 40 children with mild mental retardation were randomly divided into 4 variations of practice including: rhythmic movement with major scale music, rhythmic movement with minor scale music, rhythmic movement with no music, and no rhythmic movement-no music (control group). Rutter inventory (Parent version) was used to evaluate behavioral problems. Pretest was taken before the intervention and post-test was taken after 12 weeks of practice (36 sessions). For data analysis, one-way analysis of variance and Tuki follow up tests were used. Results showed that behavioral problems of rhythmic movement with major scale music group were significantly decreased. It was also shown that the rhythmic movement with minor scale music and rhythmic movement with no music showed no significant decrease on behavioral problems of mentally retarded children. No considerable change was found in behavioral problems of the participants of the control group.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of external attention (EA) and internal attention (IA) training with and without motivational music on performing dynamic balance task. In this quasi-experimental study, the statistical sample which was equal to the population consisted of 60 male athletes who volunteered to participate in this study. After pretest, subjects were divided into 5 groups of 12 members randomly: IA with music, EA with music, IA without music, EA without music and control. This study was conducted in 3 phases. First: pretest; second phase: training protocol for 3 consecutive days. In this phase, for groups with music, motivational music was played by a CD player in addition to attentional instructions. The third phase: posttest. According to the study design, if music had a significant effect on performance after applying variables, data could be analyzed in the fourth phase. ANOY A test did not show a significant difference among groups after the third phase. In other words, attention training had no effect on capability of dynamic balance task performance using internal and external strategies with/without music. The significance level was a= 0.05.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a progressive motor program on improving motor skills in children with autism. In this quasi-experimental study, pretest, mid-test, posttest and retention test were used. 16 subjects were selected from children with autism in Semnan and Yazd cities by available sampling method. They were relatively matched based on age (8.26±3.l yr), sex, grade, severity of autism and educational degree and then divided into experimental (n=8) and control (n=8) groups. After Ulrich 2000 pretest, the progressive motor program was conducted for 30 sessions. After 15 and 30 sessions, subjects participated in the mid-test and posttest respectively. Retention test was performed 30 days after the end of the study. K-S test was used to determine data normality and factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures and LSD post hoc test were applied to determine minimum significant differences. The results showed that progressive motor program (P<0.05) had a greater effect on the development of manipulative, locomotor and gross skills than the control group.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of self - control modeling, that is to say presenting a model to learners whenever they asked for it, on learning a sequential timing task. 24 right-handed subjects (12 males, 12 females, aged between 19 and 20) were voluntarily selected and assigned to two groups of self - control and yoked with an emphasis on the type of modeling. The task was moving in a predetermined path by pressing the keys 1, 4, 5 and 8 on a sequential timing apparatus while keeping certain absolute timing. Self - control group received the model whenever they requested it while subjects in the other group were yoked with self-control group. The experiment consisted of acquistion, retention and transfer phases and absolute timing error was used to determine performance accuracy. Results of factorial ANOV A in the acqistion phase showed that even though there was a significant decrement in absolute timing error in the two groups (P>0.05), there were no significant differences in these changes between two groups (P<0.05). Results of retention test failed to show any significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05), but in transfer test, self - control group showed significantly less errors (P>0.05). The results showed that benefitcial effects of self - control technique can be well generalized to modeling domain and make practice conditions more compatible with informational needs of learners.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of variability of attentional focus distance by self-talk on the learning of table tennis forehand in. After pretest, the participants performed 180 forehand strokes during 6 sessions with repeating the words "slightly rotation" in the internal focus group "slightly open" in the near external focus group, "over the net" in the far external focus group, and each of the words "slightly rotation, slightly open, and over the net" respectively in each 2 sessions in the increasing distance of attentional focus group. Control group performed without self-talk during acquisition phase. Retention test as performed 48 hours after acquisition test in the same situation without self-talk, and after break, transfer test was done by changing the direction of target (parallel forehand) without self-talk. The accuracy and the pattern of forehand strokes were measured by a 5 point-scale (Liao and Masters, 2001) and researcher-made scale, respectively) .According to the results of 2-factor mixed ANOVA, acquisition, retention, and transfer of forehand accuracy in internal focus of attention group were significantly lower than other groups (p<0.05).Furthermore, the effect of increasing attentional focus distance on acquisition of forehand pattern was significant. The effect of near external attentional focus on retention of pattern was significant. But transfer of stroke pattern in control group was significantly more than far external focus group (p<0.05). Thus, it is recommended to use self-talk by increasing attentional focus and near external attentional focus and not to use internal focus of attention to instruct forehand to novice adolescents.

Self-talk is one of the psychological interventions that can influence improving and success of motor and sport performance. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of motivational self-talk on secondary task performance (discrimination reaction time). 30 subjects out of 160 undergraduate physical education students of University of Tehran participated in this study and were divided randomly into control and experimental groups. The intervention was conducted two sessions per day and each session lasted one minute. The first primary task for the intervention group was walking on a treadmill with a slow speed whereas secondary task (discrimination reaction time) was performed in 10 attempts. The process was performed for the second time in the same manner with the difference that the experimental group performed motivational self-talk 15 seconds before the secondary task performance. Control group performed the test without intervention. The results of paired samples t test showed that motivational self-talk significantly decremented discrimination reaction time (P=0.001). Also, the results of U Mann-Whitney test in the posttest showed that the reaction time in the experimental group significantly decreased compared with the control group (P=0.002).