DIDACTIC LITERATURE REVIEW (PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE REVIEW)
Year:2017 | Volume:9 | Issue:33|Papers Count:9

Respect for human moral boundaries is one of the most prominent features of the great poets of Persian literature. Creating valuable works such as Shahnameh, alongside its literary values at the highest degree of aesthetics, had the greatest impact on stimulating the human characteristics of his audience because of ethics. One of the most important virtues is secrecy and being faithful to a secret which is seen in the two types as praised and condemned secrecy in most romantic stories of Shahnameh. Romantic stories of Hakim Ferdowsi's Shahnameh have narrated the love story of two lovers amongst all the ethnic, racial, political, social, cultural, and military in the semihistorical and semi-legendary communities of stories, while maintaining a commitment to teach the doctrine of ethics of secrecy. This doctrine is sometimes in the form of advice and sometimes in the action and reaction of characters, along with numerous points, rising and falling. Examining the doctrine of secrecy in romantic stories of Shahname his important with regards to vital characteristics and elements such as epic, love, athletics, secrecy, oath ritual, and alike. Studying these stories is essential to prove significant factors in the spread of teaching secrecy and knowing the role of the main elements of romance in praised or condemned secrecy, and the efficacy of epic and love themes in stability or weakness of the doctrine of secrecy.

"Repeat" plays an important role in the aesthetics of contemporary poetry and this rhetoric technic has been made a non-breakable link between contemporary poetry with music and thought. The purpose of this paper is to examine the repetition and its functions in explaining and teaching moral poetic thoughts of Shafi' i Kadkani on his collection of “Shabkhani” and “In Alley-gardens of Neishabur”, and also how much the element of repetition and its functions help didactic subjects to be induced in the word of Shafiee kadkani. Repetition in these poems has occurred in four areas: consonants and vowels, syllables, words, sentences and phrases, and this factor in creating ethical implications has had a great role; concepts such as: Calling to fight with oppression, patriotism, expressing exclusion and oppression, attention to the culture of martyr and martyrdom, empowering the spirit of hope in the hearts of the audience and rebellion against oppression and tyranny. Shafiee Kadkani in a best way has benefited from the repetition element to convey and teach moral, national and religious beliefs and social issues.

There is no doubt that a significant part of the mystical works have emerged by educational goals and each of various writers and poets have regard to mysticism with a particular perspective. Some of them have handled a difficult language, so special people pay attention to them, but some others have used simple language, so they have widened their audience range. Attar Neishabouri is one of them. Although many works have been attributed to him, all of his works are seven. Using allegory and anecdotes is his favorite style. Therefore, we can find common concepts and anecdotes between Tazkerat ol-Awliaand his Masnavis which are based on numerous anecdotes. Among these works, in this study we focus on common anecdotes betwee Tazkerat ol-Awlia and Mantiq ot-Tayr. This study done within the two concepts: justice and the difference between unreal love and real love. The goal is to be shown that there are some difference between those two books for explaining these concepts. So it shows that which of these books has stronger educational aspects. This study will show that Attar has used different style in each book and he consciously changed his rhetoric to teach a concept.

An effective communication with the audience is of high importance in a didactic context. The fifth chapter of Sa’di’s Golestan, as an efficient sample of this case, offers a set of skills to manage human emotions in order to turn an undesired full of tension situation into a pleasured one, focusing mainly on the presentation of emotional tensions of springtime. Turning the audience approach from the state effect into the trait effect, dealing with a didactic context is certainly depended on the contemplation and perseverance in the theme s.Based on this necessity, this research has investigated the fifth chapter of Golestan in the terms of emotional discourse. The present research is theorically based on Shaver ’s fundamental emotions, and Goleman’s emotional intelligence in addition to theoretical fundaments corresponding to quadruplet competences and emotional D.A. in sign osemiotics and modern linguistics. According to Sa’di, the mutual coordination of companions would lead to a "pleasant life" as the main emotional action. Also from the perspective of discourse, claiming the presence of the enunciator, as the limited narrator, would have increased the realism and believability of the text.

Using characters of animals have been common in stories and tales of Persian literature. These kinds of stories have written for teaching and publishing moral and mystical matters. Speakers of these kinds of stories show evil attribute of animals and their result in form of a story and sometimes point to its moral and mystical result directly. In Persian literature, especially in Iraqi period, plenty of educational and mystic books have written that use these kinds of stories. In this research, in purpose of knowing parables of these books and their speakers, two mystic books of Iraqi period have chosen, and animal symbols and characters have studied on them. These books show that these four speakers use animals for telling their aim in different ways. Furthermore, symbols of animals sometimes have used for telling bad attributes and sometimes have used as story characters instead of human.

Garshasb Namehis generally considered as a legendary and epic work, and most of the researches are about these fields; but the capabilities of this book are in the field of teaching the kingdom and good customs, and in particular the advices on the ways of governing countries in which kings are addressed, and the manner of doing service addressing the people is very frequent. It is questionable that Asadi in this mythical and legendary story has included so many advices and ethical issues. The purpose of this study is to identify and categorize Asadi's advice about the ways of ruling for a ruler and people and government agents. Asadi, according to the manner of telling and explaining the ways of the kings' manner, has made many recommendations to the kings. These advices are about the four main foundations of governance: the king, justice, people and policy. Also, the method of choosing court clerks and the owners of important jobs, how kings should interact with people, is another of his thoughts. Asadi's advice is all ethical-oriented, and in the section addressed the king and the emir, he has paid attention to the ethics of the judiciary and the king's judgment and the affairs of the army. Based on the extraction and analysis of such ideas and advices in the formulation of the text, one can obtain the Asadi’s moral order in civil policy.

The spread of religious culture in the literature after the Islamic revolution (1357) is some of the cultural results of this revolution. With the occurrence of the war, and continuity of eight years holy defense, religious motifs like crusades of early Islamic period and the Imam Ali’s wars with his enemies and particularly the bloody epic of the Karbala, have been reflected in the poem and prose of the Islamic revolution and the holy defense, in the way that this subjects forms its most important motifs and its most obvious features. This subject strengthens didactic and ethical aspect of above-mentioned poems on the basis of religious foundations and Koran`s teachings. The Poets of these poems are revolutionary personages and war men, and whatever they compose is because of faith and brimful of eagerness and excitement. Therefore, the lyric and epic aspect of their poems is so appear and strong, that shadows their didactic aspect. Hence, understanding of its covered up teachings become difficult without deliberation and cogitation, and it remains hidden from the readers’ attention. In this research, visible and invisible didactic layers and streaks in the poems of the revolution and holy defense, as well as style and subjects that poets have used them for promotion of moral principles and provoke readers for obeying Islamic-humanist values and young men’s following the temperament of the household of the prophet of Islam– are investigated and presented.