DIDACTIC LITERATURE REVIEW (PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE REVIEW)
Year:2017 | Volume:9 | Issue:35 |Papers Count:7

Didactic literature – as one of the most significant literary genres – is established to either consolidation and strengthening of desirable traits or condemnation and attempts to remove unpleasant attributes in the general audience. The attitude of each poet about these traits has a prominent role in induction quality of the themes to the audience, which is perhaps different or even contradictory depending on the mental conditions and environment of each poet; based on which, didactic literature is capable to be considered as the result of the consolidation of lyrical themes and labeling the mental experiences as Devine or devil. In this article, we have studied educational themes in the framework of analysis and categorization of evidence from Divan Rudaki, as a well-known chanting and songwriting, into two major parts of enjoining good and forbidding wrong to indicate that in a few of Rudaki's poems that are now available, he seeks even more to emulate his feelings and attitudes from his tumultuous temporal environment. In spite of the general belief that Rudaki was a humble, hilarious and quirky person, in fact, grim grief and rationality are apparent in his poems. Rudaki's most important concern is happiness, and the only path to happiness in his view is the adornment to knowledge, wisdom and ethics, all of which in an ethical and wise society. Therefore, didactic themes in Rudaki's poetry - as "father of Persian poetry" and "the poet of less insight but more enlightenment" – are all ordered in the both manners either artistic lyrical like a cheerful musician, or compassionate and social such as a paternal advice.

Didactic teachings are of common themes in Nizami’s qasidas along with his pentad which has been neglected up to now. In the process of reading these qasidas, it is obvious that he apply persuasion method in expressing didactic issues which means that he tries to convince the concept by methods such as warning, giving good tidings, interrogation style, and condition style. He sometimes applies rhetorical methods such as repetition, allusion, and allegory for convincing the audience. Paying attention to this issue can show the poet's efforts and his attention in making the speech persuasive on the basis of rational and artistic logic to convince the reader and be acceptable. This research applies descriptive method and uses content analysis technique to study didactic verses of Nizami’s qasidas to show his special method in expressing sermon, advice, and sagacity and also be an introduction to these themes in these qasidas.

The purpose of this article is to show that Hafez's poetry is like a narrative work by using the narratology theory in which non-linear events have been narrated all related to human life from the beginning up to end. The events of the plot, such as the Rand and Sufi conflict, have been narrated with a nonlinear time. The plot events, such as the Rend and Sofi, Ahde-Alast have been narrated with non-linear time. In this article, with emphasis on the narrative structure of the poetry of Hafez, we have shown that Hafez's poetry can be regarded as didactic literature according to the narratee, because of didactic literature which means intended to give instruction is applied to works of literature which are designed to expound a branch of theoretical or practical knowledge. According to this discussion, in the narrative of Hafez's poetry Knowledge of how to live is taught.  In this article, narratee types are reported. The result of this article is that Hafez's poetry invites narratee to a multi-voice world.

Weiss and Ramin is a romantic story about the Parthian-Sassanid era. This poem was staged by Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani in the fifth century. Although the main attitude in this poem is Lyric, but there are educational themes in it. Ethical issues have been explicitly explained (from the narrator-poet) or indirect (from the characters). Fakhreddin Asad is well acquainted with the rules of Pahlavi's language and literature. Therefore, without interfering Islamic elements and with preserving the ethical traditions of pre-Islamic Iranians, which has been particularly expressed in Pahlavi's constitutions, it succeeds in creating a magnificent lyric-education. That’s why, in this article, the influence of Wies and Ramin's poems has been explored from descriptive-analytical methods. Findings of the research show that moral traditions are reflected in the codes of conduct such as wisdom and students, praise and reverence for God, faithfulness, justice, satisfaction, courtesy, true speech and behavior in the verses of Weiss and Ramin have been outlined and described. As a result, this hypothesis confirms that Fakhreddin Asad's poem was created under the influence of ancient Iranian culture and ethics.

Recognizing and utilizing the components of education is important in many aspects. Undoubtedly, a considerable part of the moral and educational teachings has been written in valuable literary works. One of the most famous literary masterpieces in this regard is Golestan Sa'di. Sa'di, in Golestan, has outlined the most important educational concepts and the most basic ways in which human beings are well-behaved. With a careful look at man, Sa’di portrays the facts of all classes of society and passes it on to the audience in the form of wisdom. This paper is one of the interdisciplinary researches in the field of humanities that has been done by qualitative research methodology with the data strategy of the foundation. In this method, relevant concepts were identified after collecting qualitative data. By categorizing, comparing concepts, and removing duplicates, the components are plotted. At the end of this process, the main foundations of the theory of "good education in Sa'di’s Golestan" consisted of 68 concepts in the form of 14 components.

Didactic -comparative narrative science is one of the most recent interdisciplinary studies. It is about didactic study of similar narratives. ‘Accusation and exoneration’ is one of the most repeated motifs in didactic literature. This query studies seven similar narrations of world literature, which their motifs is based on accusation and exoneration, with a comparative method. These narrations are: Hippolytus and Phaedra (Hellenic Greek), Siyavash and Sudaba (Persian narration), Mael and Eochaid’s daughter (Northern Europe), Joseph and Potiphar's Wife (Mesopotamia and Egypt), Pūran and Lūnā (Indian), Po-yi-Kao and Ta-Chi (Chinese). Then instructive manners of heroes in each narration is being extracted and compared to others. The main question is: Does ethics alter according to geographical region? The findings, finally, strengthen suggested assumptions: Geographical region does not effect on moral principles and it rules the same all over the world.

Since merchants, traders and businessmen in the past played a significant role in promoting the economic prosperity and quality level of society, there were scattered recommendations and teachings from the literary and historical elites, throughout Persian poetic and prose texts about them. Collecting and categorizing these teachings and recommendations, you can not only be familiar with how merchants buy and sell in the past society and how the people and the king interact with them, but also get the direction of these recommendations and teachings. Based on this study, dating back to the eighth century, we found that our ancestors and forefathers with their own commanding and forbidding had considered two "personal" and "commercial" aspects, one for the excellence of the soul and the self-purification of the merchants, and the other is useful to make progress and avoid losses. Therefore, in their words, individual and commercial necessities, are seen such as: good morality, conscientiousness and trustworthiness, the terms of the buyer and the seller, and the quality of the goods, the awareness of the need of the cities and so on. Additionally, there are no personal and commercial imperatives, in their speech such as not to sell underweight or not to sell oversight, not to swear, not to lie, discontinuity, not to have participation, and so on. If these recommendations are taken into account, the world and the future of businessmen and merchants will be better.