JOURNAL OF STYLISTIC OF PERSIAN POEM AND PROSE (BAHAR-E-ADAB)
Year:2016 | Volume:9 | Issue:2 (32)|Papers Count:15

"The most precious speeches and beautiful writings" is a document dated back to al_e_borhan dynasty governed in Bokhara in 630 ad. This book was written by a capable writer and poet of that time, razi al din samarghandi known as 'khasha neyshaboori'. In araic language 'khasha' means firewood and the reason for assigning this name for him related to his ancestors'career as firewood sellers in neyshaoor city. This article is a study of khashab's work including letters of enlighhted men of that time as well as the written orders of the heads of that dynasty. Apparently, there exists three handwritten versions of this book which is a sign of his solidity of expression and proficiengy in writing. This book has been decorated and proficiency in writing. This book has been decorated by several verses, quotations and poems of tazi language. This also includes the names of great literary figures and the heads of al_e_boorhan dynasty. Meanwhile it contains a technical prose common in all correspondences of seventh century. The effect of such prose is so high that 'shams monshi', the author of very important treatise namely; authore 'constitution in the appointment of mattresses, has introduced razi in the introduction of his book as of his great tutors.

As the prominent feature of Indian poetic style, theme-creation tends to make or detect a relation and connection between a subjective matter and an objective one that apparently there is no relation between them. The poets' partial views in this era and their meditation on trifles are reasons why they select their surrounding objects as theme-creating elements. Thus Saeb, as the greatest theme-creator of Indian style in Iran, stresses deeply and accurately on the object and its depth and creates new themes by illustrating his ideal world and using literary techniques such as asteimus. He, indirectly, states his inner mood and his pure thoughts within it.Regarding theme-creating by low-frequency objects such as Bahleh (glove of falconer), little pen, Khelal-e-Dandan (toothpick), donbegodaz (a container in which the fat roasted), Shan (beehive), fard (paper), Kajak (a kind of crooked rod), magasran (fly whisk) and etc.; this study tends to find out how Saeb has looked at these objects to make new themes and what style he has used in its creation. And how do these kinds of theme-creating reflect the poet's hidden world and Safavid's social condition? Studying and analyzing these elements indicate asteimus as the best technique of theme-creating and represent artistic value of Saeb's poems and the extent of his imagination as well. Also by stating the poet's subjectivity through theme-creation techniques, especially asteimus, his psychological and learned character are clearly reflected in terms of his beliefs and didactic and mystical thoughts. It also opens the doors to recognize living tools and their usage in Safavid's era.

Among literary texts, Saeb's Divan is one of the works that clearly reflects opinions, ideas and the culture governing the Safavid era with creation of new contents and the use of poetic images. This reflection which is influenced by the poet’s era beliefs and aspirations, proposes concepts such as sociology, psychology, principles and even philosophical issues. Despite the arrival of the Shiism in Safavid period, one of the significant issues in Saeb’s Divan is criticism of chaotic situation prevailing and injustices that govern it. The use of instruments such as gallows, Doshakheh4 , whip, Mil5, bloody washbasin, etc are some of the common brutal punishments in that era and the shames that will never be erased (from the history of Safavid kings) This research attempts to answer the questions as follows:How could Saeb mention such violent means in his poems despite his delicate and poetic spirit and a realistic look? How do the use of penalty and the concerning equipment show the poet’s individuality in built images and themes? Analysis of these elements show a part of the poet's individuality given the choice of built images and themes as well as showing Saeb’s artistic value and reflects his expansion of imagination and retells virtual practices in Safavid period.

Salman savoji died in 778 AH. He was the famous poets of the eighth century at the court of Jalairids rulers. His reputation is mostly form lyrics and Mathnavi's. This project will study the details of his satirical pieces with the approach of sociology of literature. First, It determines the style of humor in his pieces and it came to the conclusion that he noticed to cartoons and created fictional space, compare and simile, hyperbole and use of specific humorous terminology such as camel cat and carcasses paltry,...He has also tried to joke in limited cases. Then it has examined impact of time on political and cultural environment on creating humor pieces. In fact, Salman's pieces quitely showed vulgar relation in the court, lack of law and rule, the collapse of social values such as breach of promise and taking gifts, Suppress stipends and pensions and so on.If what has been his tendency to express such criticism and even insolent to satisfy his personal needs and banal desires not the problems of society or religion However he suggests that irony is used in the course of the history of Persian literature also he failed to make an impact on the development of social and political norms and practices. His choice piece mold, the mold is not fine, and not involved the poet's imagination long and entangling to do.He has used his humor to convey explicit criticism.

One of the serious research Elahinameh genre, style and elements based on the analysis of these texts, especially methodology Stylistics layer (in the five areas of phonetic, lexical, syntactic, rhetorical and ideological) that in this study, the layered Stylistics Monajatnameh of Khwaja Abdullah and Elahinameh of Allameh Hassanzadeh Amoli paid. Research, descriptive and analytical. voices and sounds don’t have differencees and and kind words selected both text has many similarities. Both, mystical codes used some sentenses, the words and expressions used without identity. Check the status of some of the texts shows that in Monajatnameh voice command, and one-sided and dogmatic and decisive Elahinameh, passive voice command and writer Alhynamh bilateral dialogue between themselves and the audience. In general, the Elahinameh in grammar, initiatives observed, While in Monajatnameh, natural syntax to observe and measure norms of language not gone beyond. In terms of rhetoric on both rely on the arts of verbal and musical aspects (of repetition, sound proportions, etc.) and this suggests that music plays an important role in this Genre. The results showed that in these texts tend to arts of verbal over the meaning of words. Check the text ideological layer showed Monajatnameh, dogmatic tendencies and excellence oriented in different levels style is prominent. However, in Elahinameh The audience as the author Assuming the author don’t want Superiority and proof of his idea at all. Allama has tried indirectly, covered and general, criticized human behavior and in Monajatnameh Author, tries to research, such as preacher, actions and reactions the audience with aggressive and sometimes offensive.

The text "Fosool" is written by A.R. Meybodi, a prominent Quran interpreter and mystical prose writer in sixth century (520 AH). This composition is one of the unfamiliar texts that were written by author and it has fundamental differences to this other works. Its general context is about principals and methods of sermon art and fassaly. Fosool’s prose is intermediate prose that tends to technical prose.In this article, Fosool have been investigated based on three approaches verbal, intellectual and literary. The most important features of Fosool is many arabic words, adoption of the verses and the sayings, Evidence from arabic and persian poetry and application pronunciation of ancient. In literary aspect author tendency to variety rhyme and pun, gives Musical and lyrical magic his prose. Some imagery particularly eloquent similes, metaphors is considered over other images. Because of this effect is an example of the sermon art and Fassaly, Musical prose tends to be tend can be influenced by oral tradition speech. In this article In addition to exploring the stylistic features Meybodi’s Fosool, with a comparative approach, similarities and differences between this work with Razi's resalatoltoyoor (d. 654 AH) -that is of texts regarding to fassaly methods in the sixth century- Expressed in Brief.

The constitutional revolution, the dictatorship of Reza shah, the 28 coup d’etat and etc made the generation who succeeded in literature from 1330 to 1360 encounter a huge epistemological and belief crisis and led to a widespread depression among the Iranian intellectuals. This unbridled disappointment provided the writers like Hedayat, Choobak, Sadeghi and the others with a ground to create a new style of writing in fiction which is based on psychological and philosophical understanding of man’s soul and his relationship with the material and metaphysical world. The flames of this fire never went out and its flares spread to the next generation. This new way of thinking attempted at discovering the darkness of human soul and dominated a great part of the literature of those years by developing some concepts like death, life, absurdism, loneliness and sin and prepared the ground for creating a new type of literature of that time called the literature of the absurd. The present researcher aims at identifying some parts of the mental challenges, common thoughts and stylistic characteristics of Choobak and Mahmood with reference to a definite work of each author within the period of 1330-1360.

Investigations show that writing history in different styles had been quite prevailing during 11th and 12th (A.H.) centuries. Bohayre, by Mir Mohammad Hashem Fozooni Astarabadi, a writer in 10th and 11th (A.H.) centuries, is among the works of history with thematic (narrative and anecdotage) approach which is of significance from the view point of its vast subjects and variation of styles. A large part of the book is devoted to such subjects as moral values and justice, greatness, supernatural events, wars and bloodsheds, edifications, and glories and celebrities of the kings. It also includes accounts of some ministers, famous families, astronomers, nobles, heroes and the generous. Paying attention to such geographical subjects as seas, springs, lands, mountains and cliffs as well as novelties and wonders of nature forms another part of Bohayre. The ending part of the book contains descriptions of snakes, dragons, trees, innovative affairs, birth peculiarities, jinns and fairies, dogs, talismans and birds as well as such other subjects as wonders of islands, monuments, names appellation and nicknames. Bohayre generally does not contain time and space boundaries and captures insights into myths and legends in addition to the historical glimpse.

In the last decades, short story has been growing increasingly concerning the abundance and variety of the contents. Along with the beginning of the imposed war, a profound and influential union between short story and Holey Defense has been created. So that in the last three decades numerous writers have proceeded with the creation of prominent works. The main questions raised here are what are the characteristics of prominent Holey Defense short stories concerning fictional elements, structure, and content? What factors or properties can lead the way to their discovery?Therefore, an analysis and criticism of the precious works of the Holey Defense short stories from the perspective of fictional elements manifests their identity to the readers and proponents and introduces it far better.To do so, the present paper investigates fictional elements of 31 stories out of six series of distinguished Holey Defense short stories in 1390’s, in order to criticize and analyze the rate of growth and elevation of fictional literature and to reflect accomplishments achieved by the development of novel Holey Defense short stories after more than three decades of their creation.The paper has been written in a descriptive- analytical way. Here, such elements and criteria as plot, character, view point, scenery, tone, theme, reality, beginning and conclusion have been taken into account while considering each work.Data collection and categorization has been carried out on the basis of notes and data gathered through descriptive method. The results have been classified, analyzed and demonstrated in the tables and graphs.

Investigation of image, imagology and other's image is of significance. Its importance is mostly due to its role in identification of nations and removal of cliché and distorted images of a nation in the eye of another nation. As literature can familiarize different nations with each other and can bring them near together, it can fill the gap between nations. In fact, the dominance of religious instruction, brings Iranian and Arab together; and when these instruction were considered, the open-mindedness and acceptance were developed; however when the both nations were kept at a distance, their commonalities were ignored and the action was taken for magnifying the differences and distortion of facts. This is evident when the Arab image is investigated in the Persian prose. This study aims at answering these questions: how is the other image (Arab) in Persian prose? Have the Iranian authors' views toward Arabs changed across the times? And if there is a change, what are the factors resulting in the change? The findings demonstrate a significance change between viewing Arabs before 19 century and after 19 century. Classic prose presented a fair image of Arabs; however this image has changed in the contemporary prose and it is mostly a negative image. The study deals with many factors affecting this change.

Banu-gosasb-nameh is one of the Persian epical poems, whose versifier and the exact date of its versification are not clear. The poem is an old one and it includes mythical, cultural and social elements from the ancient times and also the time in which it is versified. In spite of the fact that it is an epical short poem (1032 verses), Banu-gosasb-nameh includes several Zoroastrian elements including beliefs and rituals. Although the related verses to Zoroastrianism haven’t included many details, their quantities are quite enough to show the Zoroastrian impression over the work. In addition to heroine characters and her properties which are very similar to Zoroastrian goddess’ functions, the work includes Zoroastrian elements i.e. div (demon), pari (fairy), farreh (glory), sacred numbers (seven, twelve, forty), happiness and delight in this world, believing in good and evil baxt (fortune), swearing oaths, etc. which are investigate in this study. Our study shows that the mentioned Zoroastrian elements of the poem are greatly comparable to the remained Zoroastrian tradition. Furthermore, in some point there are some kind of combining between Zoroastrian and Islamic elements that is, in one hand, the result of condition in which the poem is versified, and on the other, is related to the personal beliefs of the pot (beliefs in Islam).

Literature, Because of its broad nature, has thematic analogy with other humanities subjects like psychology and it has ability of performing interdisciplinary research. Shahnameh is one of the most important works of Persian literature which its creator, Ferdowsi, describes its key characters in such a way that one can obtain their Hidden psychological and personality aspects with psychological analysis. This implies poet’s careful look at human psyche and nature. Among these characters one can mention Garsivaz which Ferdowsi describes his behavior and motivation. By considering this descriptions and signs and comparison of them, one can conclude that Garsivaz’s Neurosis leads to the death of Siavash. Among characters of Siavash’s tale, Garsivaz is anti-hero which in this paper his psychological motives of his behavior are supposed to be because of “inferiority complex”. Based on Ferdowsi’s report, neurosis of Garsivaz is because of: his jealousy to Siavash's power and his envy to Siavash's victory in dragging "Kaman Key". In addition, some of the Behavioral characteristics of Garsivaz which lead to killing of Siavash are: anger, hatred, envy and jealousy, fear and...

'Ali ibn Musa al-Riḍa (c. 29 December 765-23 August 818) known as Imam Rida, is the eighth of the Twelve Imams, according to the Twelver Shia sect of Islam. Next after the 1st & the 3rd imams of Shia, he is the 3rd, whom has been noteworthy among Iranian people; this favor is emanated in numerous & antiquity eulogium poems in Persian literature. The eulogium works of Imam Rida in Persian literature are called Razavy works. Noticing to Imam Rida is seen not only in the main body of Persian literature, i.e. adult literature, but also in children’s literature, specially in recent decades. The purpose of the article is the study of the content of Imam Rida’s presence in children’s poetry as well as to analyze the aesthetics aspects of the poetries. The scope of the article is to study the works of contemporary poets in children's literature, including the Razavy poems. As the Razavy works are subsets of religious poems, like the other works of religious poems, have some allusions to holly Quran, and are highly linked to the Quran, aphorisms & historical issues, even the fact that they are classified in the range of children’s literature would not break the links. Therefore, one of the significant parts of the aesthetic critique of Razavy works is searching for the links between the Razavy works and Quran, aphorisms & historical issues. The Razavy works are products of these links as well as other figures of speech.

Surrealism is the title of a cultural movement that was happened at the middle of 1920 in two visual arts and literature field. Creators of this school used of supernatural elements for saying their aims in their works. The main purpose of surrealism is the fully releasing and freeness of mind. This school entered to other nation's literature and arts, including Iran, and influenced them. Some of Persian contemporary poems and novels are being very close to surreal works, from aspects of elements, components and the whole of space. Sadegh-e-Hedaiat's "boof-e-kor", Hoshang-e- Golshiry's "Shazde ehtejab" and Abbas-e-Maaroofi's "Samphony-e- Mordegan" with considering the deference of using the Surrealistic characteristics, had been influenced by surrealistic thought. Dream, insanity, automatic writing, psychological moment, love, and strange and supernatural matter are the few examples of features of surrealistic literature that are figured in these novels. Authors, at the beginning of this research, have regarded to surrealism and comparing it with Iranian surrealism, then have proceeded to match the principles of this school with these novels and, eventually, it is proven that there are some of principles of surrealism in these novels.

Pronoun is one of the most important grammatical subjects in Persian language, and most Grammarians have mentioned it in their books, also have defined it more or less similar. Some Grammarians have mentioned a pronoun in a separated group, some have mentioned it as a part of a noun. In the second categorization, there are several varieties in different pronouns among Grammarians ideas. In this article, after studying the Grammarians all opinions, criticisms and analysis, we try to draw a conclusion of the exact definition of pronoun and different types of it.