Journal of the Stylistic of Persian Poem and Prose
Year:2011 | Volume:4 | Issue:2 (12)|Papers Count:22

The exact definition of “Style” and recognition of theories, and most important, the stylists method in analysis of literary texts may highly represent the scope of each definition and also the relation of literary systems. A practical result of this discussion is the scientific and stylistic difference between literary criticism, stylistics, literary skills and dependency of each knowledge and literary system, and achievement to the efficient approaches in restudy of the innovative literary texts. In this research, we study the theories of poets in terms of style and definition of Iranian stylists about conception of style, description and criticism of their stylistic method in analysis of literary texts.

Hazing Lahiji is a famous scientist and poet of 17th Century. The life made him leave the hometown, Isfahan, and travel to the different cities and lands. After many dangerous trips, he went to India and resided in Benares where he died.He wrote many works in the different scientific fields of his period such as jurisprudence, logic, philosophy, etc, and remained a collection including more than 12,000 lines. Number of his literature is called up to 30,000 and 50,000. He was the last star of Indian style in Persian lyric. According to his dominance on poetry styles and study in the important collections of great poets, influence of them, Hazin sometimes criticized and studies them, replying the questions asked in the field of poetry. So, some poets in various forms have been mentioned in his collection. A series of poets has been nominated beside the line or stanza. Some were mentioned in poetry brilliants and praise of their poems, some other in welcome and probably criticism to them, and some other in pieces and odes he was influenced, such as Sanaei, Sadi, Nezami. Hafez, Sadi, Mowlavi, Naziri, Sanaei, Khaghani, Anvari, Ghasem Anvar, Babafaghani, etc are some others. This essay studies and shows some similar items.

Faghirollah Lahouri, called Afarin, is a poet of 18th Century who played a valuable role in development and stability of Persian language in the subcontinent by writing interesting collections and lyrics, and also training students. Some specifications of his poems are the frequent ensurances, considering mystical conceptions and also the new combinations sometimes accompanied by colloquial ideas though, like many other poems of this period, have some deficiencies. However, he is believed as one of successful followers of Saeb with little innovations. Current research tries to study the life and works, criticize his poetry, and show his position in subcontinent Persian poetry.

Unknown at the present time, Vahid Qazvini is one of the famous poets, authors, historians and politicians in Safavi reign. In his collection including more than 30,000, there are several odes considerably such as Khalvat Raz which is studied in this essay in a stylistic view. Study of this ode shows that he is a powerful poet especially in imagination, causing his poetry full of all types of imagination and pure & clear subjects. He has a considerable dominance on language, result of which is highly brilliant combinations in poetry. Similar to other poets of Indian style, he paid attention to the colloquial words and conceptions, and the informal words, believes and traditions are seen in his poems. He dealt with the mystical teachings causing his ode a color of mysticism and ethics.

Ambiguity is one of the most important facilities of poetry language. This new skill is known one of semantic informalities appeared in companionship and association based on combination and connects words with ambiguity, which is one of important elements of literary language.This essay is the result of complete study of Sadi’s lyrics and extracting application of types of ambiguity in them. In this essay using diagram, the rate and way of application of types of ambiguities (poet’s style in ambiguity) in Sadi’s lyrics have been shown. Also, it describes that Sadi, though is a frank poet and clearly suggests his internal secrets, can’t ignore one of the greatest facilities of poetry language connecting to ambiguity, and disregard the esthetic literary role of ambiguity. The evidence is some examples of all types of ambiguity seen in all lyrics of this famous poet.

According to the social life and promotion of moral degrees and by relying on the mental force and words, and sometimes for “survival of the fittest”, man is not innocent of debate and “word discussion”.Debate and “question & answer” represent such contacts, and by review of texts of Persian literature and reaching the various examples, from past to now, we may find out this skill, sometimes only and in framework of works implicitly, has been paid attention by the poets and authors. With regard to the extension and deepness of ocean of Persian literature and richness of the valuable treasuries of authors and poets’ wit, we shall focus on the poems and concentrate on the aspects of debate according to the various forms such as literary types, external form and frame, goal, mass, subject matter, conclusion, parties, mentioning or omitting words, application of literary forms, method and accent in order to recognize the specifications of discussion in each stylistic period.

As we know, one of the specifications of rhymed prose in Persian language and literature is to use the verses of Holy Quran, but not this fact that all works and books formed in this style are similar in approach to the verses.Holy Quran is the exact resource of divine wisdom and Muslim scientists have tried to understand and discover the semantic facts according to their abilities.Though he didn’t create any special style in mysticism, Najmeddin Razi followed a rhymed mystical method by writing valuable works such as “Mersad Alebad Men Almabda Ela Almaad”, pursuing the combination of Quranic verses and Persian language & literature. Although it was selected by those such as Khaje Abdollah Ansari and reached the top, Najmeddin Razi completed it to the highest maturity.In writing, he chose the different approaches to Quran by which he could serve word to representation in a logic connected by combination of prose and poetry and integration of Quranic verses with semantic proposition of wit, and he could suggest a regular work through creative selection of Quranic verses and creation of new combinations. Analyzing each chapter, he mixed his desired valid description with analysis of verse by verse, serves by narration, verse and poetry, verse by allegory and narrative clearances, …., verse by literary wit to the extent of coming verses out of conception of Holy Quran.It is tried in this research to analyze these approaches in literary style of Mersad Alebad in limited lines of an essay to become an outcome for followers of stylistic studies in Persian mystical texts from Quranic view.

One of the greatest Persian language spokesmen in Indian Gourkanian court, who reach the poet laureate of Jalaleddin Akbar (14th-15th Centuries) and known him the greatest Indian Persian language poet after Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, is Abolfeiz Feizi (14th-15th Centuries). Like Nezami’s other followers, he imitated Leili & Majnoun and wrote, as well as other works, the romance of Nala & Damayanti in the same rhyme in 4200 lines in the 15th century. It is a rhymed translation of freedom by Mehabeharat. In this story, he included religious, mystical, lovely, philosophical, and other concepts. In this research, we study the stylistic specifications of this collection in three lingual, literary and intellectual levels.

Flourishing the new thoughts in works of authors such as Zeinolabedin Maraghei, Talebov and Mirza Malkomkhan, and changing the audience of such works, the prose changed to the simplicity in the late Ghajarieh reign. Siahatnameh Ebrahim Beik is one the first works of this period. In this work, author’s new thoughts have been studied in three political, economic and social aspects. Necessity of law, conception of justice as a protection of government stability, describing importance of economy, necessity of development of roads and establishing railroad for development of national trade, establishing factory and utilizing natural resources, effort for removing social corruptions, and improvement of status of public health and education are some intellectual challenges of author, for describing which he chose prose empty of literary skill. Description of new concepts forced him make equal words for foreign terms and sometimes borrowing them. Application of colloquial language and going out of current grammatical rules and incompatibility of tenses and some of other lingual specifications achieve his prose to the colloquial language.

In the most researches performed to now, discovery of epic themes has been based on the poetry, and its evidence is generally limited to Shahnameh, whereas epic structures and themes in a work like Samk Ayyar provided a suitable space and extension for growing epic in the scope of prose, in one hand, and the near time interval to Shahnameh, on the other hand. Samk Ayyar (11th Century) is one of the long Persian prose stories and the initial examples of Ayyar stories and people’s conflict to cruelty and tyranny, hero’s protection of right, causing them an epic and heroic appearance. Authors of this essay study the content style of epic themes and origins of Samk Ayyar in domain of elements of character-orientation, epic actions and believes, metaphysical elements, war style in epic and heroic traditions. It was performed based on the components playing critical role in epic. This research aims at representing the epic and heroic style of Samk Ayyar to the literary men. Though it is common in all rhymed epics, Samk Ayyar is an undoubtedly excellent and considerable prose among these works especially in prose, though less research reports have been yet prepared. What mentioned in this essay is an answer to this question that ”whether structural themes and elements of epic have influenced on content style of Samk Ayyar or not?”

Nowadays, Ashura and martyrdom of Holy Imam Hossein are viewed as a culture, of which the different narrations have been written in the history. Penetration of this culture into soul of Muslims caused it to the art and literature as one of the commonest artistic forms of Ashura School is Asura Poetry. Fuad Kermani (19th Century) is an Ashura poet who views to Ashura with a lovely and mystical narration. This essay introduces the specifications of poetry style of this poet in Ashura poetry: lyric and lovely language and presentation, mystical and philosophical acquisitions, connection to Quran and Narrations, variety of word, etc, and also in ontology, the Ashura poetry periods and completion of mystical and lovely view to Ashura have been involved in Persian literature. Fuad’s unity in Ashura lovely lyric is a finding of this essay.

In common word, style is a method of language application used by a definite person in a definite texture for a defined goal. According to this definition, the main question of current research is how to study the stylistic specifications of text of a letter about the external texture and consider the role or application of specifications. To answer it, the Layer Stylistics is used by this hypothesis that the stylistic specifications of letter can be studied in terms of its external texture by proposing discussion analysis-based method, the role or application of stylistic specifications may be considered. In this method, the stylistic specifications of text are studied in four application science, syntax, terms and eloquence layers. Research data is letter No. 1 of Imam Mohammad Ghazali. In this essay, two Application Science and Syntax have been studied, and the layers Terms and Eloquence will be presented in a separate essay.Ghazali wrote this letter in a condition that he was accused to the heresy, called by Sultan Sanjar for replying the accusation. The letter is addressed to the King. In such condition, analysis of stylistic specifications of letter shows that the implicit direction of text is reduction of King's power and making authority for author. This research aims at offering a method in stylistics of Persian texts with approach of discussion analysis, showing that this method is a suitable tool in study of style of texts having social application.

With regard to the critical and stylistic approaches, the analysis of structure and content of poetry has an important and considerable position, and may lead the readers to the internal and external layers of work, thoughts, spirits and emotions of poet. Nosrat Rahmani (1929-2000) was a pioneer of the poetry movement of black romanticism in the contemporary age, and one of frustrated authorities after coup of Aug. 19, 1953. Enjoying a rioter and rebellious spirit, he wrote many failure and disappointment elegies. With purpose of way of flourish of this type of romanticism in Nosrat oetry and recognition of its appearances in different levels of his poetry, this essay studies his style in three lexical, intellectual and literal levels.For this reason, the examples of stylistics in Rahmani poetry were first taken note. They reached more than 2000 notes, theoretically categorized, and finally some excellent and clear examples were selected and mentioned for each title after analysis and study.

The main issue of this research is to study, describe and analyze Frequency and Applications of word “Ra” in the Persian prose periods stylistically. In this research, 8073 items of this preposition in 26731 lines of 97 authors as per Persian prose periods were extracted and studied. Any numerical decrease and increase of applications, diversity of applications, parallelism or controversy in the function of applications on each other (numerically and functionally), effect of regularity or irregularity of performance of applications in style of Persian prose periods and also the aesthetic role of performance of special applications or the various applications in formation of very beautiful Persian prose works have been studied. In terms of number and diversity of applications, the application of preposition Ra was reduced from prose of the 1st to the 5th periods in sequence of periods.

Sadi is the master of easy but difficult word in Persian literature. The reason of his easiness and difficulty may be highly related to his poetry form. One of the clear stylistic specifications in his lyric is the syntactic iteration directly related to the grammar in one hand, and eloquence on the other hand. Syntactic iteration in Sadi lyric is mainly seen in a parallel, allegoric and mac=tching form. In lingual aspect, the most important specification of these lines is the iteration of word especially pronoun, preposition, conjunction and prefix adjective. According to the loveliness of his lyrics, the dominant content in these lines is description of beloved, lover and their relation.It is tried in this research that the lines of syntactic iteration in his lyric are studied stylistically in three domains of eloquence, language and content.

The current essay studies Ferdowsi’s historiographic style in Shahnameh. Using descriptive- comparative method, the historical issues and their historical references after Islam up to the 8th century have been compared in this study, then in analytical- critic method, their differences have been studied and historiographic style of Shahnameh was offered. Accordingly, the generalities of Ferdowsi historiography such as subject matter, methodology, framework, and references are first introduced briefly. Then, the specifications of his historiographic style are described; since Shahnameh has both literary and historical aspects, it considers the elements of story and poetry as it enjoys the special specifications of this aspect. However, the story writing has not caused he ignored the borrowing required for a historian in describing time and place and the characters.

Undoubtedly, Hafez Shirazi has the unique specifications. One of the most important and considerable characteristic is that his style in lyric mainly influenced on the lyric poets after him, and he is not compared to any other poet in this case, so that the poetry of poets from the 15th century to the contemporary has enjoyed his lyric style more and less. It shall be noted that the poets not only ignore following his writing but there are many poets proud of following and imitating him in their words. No doubt that the lyric poets of literary restoration period imitated lyric writing method of Sadi and Hafez but their influence rate from Sadi and Hafez lyric is different. Ashegh Esfahani is one of the lyric poets who is surely claimed to be unique in following Hafez writing method. This research approves the Hafez’s influence on Ashegh poetry in four aspects: 1- Internal & Lateral Music; 2- Lingual & Vocabulary; 3- Thought; 4- Literary Aesthetics.

One of the most important subjects in poetry of the 12th Century distinguished from the poetry of previous periods is the complaint writing; the reason is the confusion of social and political condition of that period. Anvari and Khaghani, one from Abiverd, Khorasan, and the other from Shervan, Azerbaijan, in two different climates, are the famous poets of this period, each wrote many complaints in different philosophical, social, political and personal fields. Their complaints are similar in some aspects and different in some others. This essay tries to study these similarities and dissimilarities.

Symbol is one the oldest, most original and important elements growing artistic concepts from past to now not only in literature but in all fields related to art. It has offered to the readers even in the holy books of divine religions, and a great number of mystical and philosophical concepts in the form of symbol. So, recognition of symbols and way of their application in literature and other artistic fields mainly considerably contribute to the accurate comprehension and survey of transferring concepts of creator of an artistic or literary work.In this case, in the extensive world of literature, authors and poets use many facilities for creation of their works in a collection of contractual symbols. In Iranian modern story literature established for less than one century, there have appeared some famous authors who have used a considerable number of world even Iranian and local symbols into their works. Moniro Ravanipour is a female famous Iranian author who, by entering the authorship and finding her typical style, was the first in many items. Relying on the local symbols is one of her stylistic characteristics. It is expanded in her works so extensively that she is called an Iranian Symbolist Author.By studying her stories, it is tried in this essay to achieve a relative comprehension and recognition of symbols, their infrastructural concepts and presence in her writings.

Satire is seen in poems of Naser Khosrow though not extended to immoral words and benevolence; he describes his criticisms frankly and bitterly. In this essay, we try to study the ironic conceptions, satiric items and readers in collection of Naser Khosrow, and show accordingly his imagination, innovation and precise sight to the natural elements, his view to the informalities of society of his period and also the decorum of this poet.The following subjects are discussed in this essay:1- Satiric skills in Naser Khosrow’s poetry including attribution to animal, internal and abstract curses, attribution to inanimate objects and elements, attribution to the religious outcasts, and dishonor of authorities;2- Satiric elements in poems of Naser Khosrow.

This article is about studying style and form of odes in Mogul period. In this period, composing odes had finished and great poets composed lyric poems but we can find nice odes. In seventh and eighth century, Mogul attacked Iran and destroyed cities, houses, libraries and etc. Iranian especially poets live in seclusion and paid attention to internal thoughts. Then Gnosticism became the most important subject in Persian literature. In this article, we studied six great poems in Mogul period and specified style of their odes such as form of odes, prosody, rhyme, row, grammar, eloquence and their relations with their contents.

In the lyric collections, women are one of the fixed and effective elements so that they can easily change the procedure of story. Introduction to the different aspects of her personality will cause the further awareness of story. It has been possible to draw the image of heroine in love stories by help of color, word and image- formed from literary skills- from past in the Persian literature. So, study of type of their word, personality and behavior in story may lead us to realize their influence on other characters.In this research by, we use three mentioned views to study the personality of Leili in Leili & Majnoun Collection as a small lyric example to offer a clear image of heroine in the rhymed love stories, though briefly. Colors applied in description of the related heroin shall clarify her different aspects such as stability in love relationship, bad humor, female pride, non-penetrability, virginity, honest but her internal mourning. In vocabulary, negative and positive interpretations in view of her fans and critics may be understood, similar to the words with spiritual- emotional or materialistic approach. In grammar, the highest frequency of vocabulary in her description of that noun and adjective and in scope of literary skills is that initial dominance of that metaphor, then simile.