JOURNAL OF CROP ECOPHYSIOLOGY
Year:2011 | Volume:3 | Issue:2|Papers Count:10

To study the effect of arbescular mycorrhizal fungi experiment, a factorial randomized complete block design with four replications in Research Station, Agriculture and Natural Resources in 2011. The experiment included two treatments, the first treatment of fungal species Glomus mossea and none inoculated and inoculated with two levels and two varieties of corn in four surface treatments SC770, Tisa, SC7020 and SC704. Using arbescular mycorrhizal fungi on stem diameter, leaf number and 100 grain weight had no significant effect. The use of fungal arbuscular Maykvryza on 100 grain weight figures significant effect at 1% level and laid on plant height and percentage of protein in the 5% level of significance left, but the stem diameter, leaf number, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, number grains per ear per plant had no significant effect.

In order to investigate the effect of zeolite (kind of natural superabsorbent) and nitrogen on the qualitative and quantitative traits of rapeseed under different moisture regimes, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design at a factorial layout with four replications at the Research Station of Islamic Azad University-Takestan Branch, Iran in 2009-2010 cropping season. Irrigation factor consisted of normal irrigation and halt in irrigation started from flowering stage. In addition, three levels of zeolite (0.5 and 10 t ha-1) along with nitrogen rate of 0.75 and 150 kg ha-1 were studied. Improved cultivar of ‘Okapi’ was applied for sowing. Results indicated that the simple effects (irrigation, nitrogen and zeolite) and interaction of irrigation × nitrogen, irrigation × zeolite, nitrogen × zeolite, were highly significant on the Grain yield and Oil yield (p<0.01). Normal irrigation by consumption of 150 kg N ha-1 and 10 t zeolite ha-1 (with the means of 5278 and 2258 kg ha -1) had the highest Grain and Oil yield. Water deficit stress as ceased irrigation from the flowering stage together with not applying nitrogen and zeolite (with the means of 599 and 219 kg ha-1) resulted in the lowest Grain and Oil yield. Totally, consumption of 150 kg N ha-1 together with applying 10 t zeolite ha-1 (Under normal irrigation) and consumption of 75 kg N ha-1 with applying 10 t zeolite ha-1 (Under ceased irrigation from the flowering stage) produced the highest Grain and Oil yield.

Secale genus of the family Poaceae that a special place in the world today, especially in northern Europe has the morphological and taxonomic study of this plant has been studied in Iran. According to the review and study of specimens and samples collected New Herbarium, the Taxonomic determined that Iran has two species of the genus in which species and Ancestrale S.cereale two subspecies and species Cereale, S.strictum two varieties are ciliatoglume strictum. Morphological studies on two species belonging to 26 populations using 34 bit and 10 qualitative traits were performed and analyzed the results of the ANOVA a cluster using quantitative traits could describe the taxonomic and species useful It is to identify the species and subspecies genus Secale and qualitative traits were performed using only the results of Frereriksen and Petersen confirmed, the most important quality traits in order to separate the sub and varieties spike is driven mode, growth form and the presence or absence of crack and be hair.

In order to investigate some physiological characteristics affecting drought, 10 lines and bread wheat cultivars including tolerant and sensitive lines in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block experimental design with two irrigation treatments (conventional and stress) as major and cultivars were subfactor as were 3 replications. Drought stress was applied with irrigation at earing stage. The results showed that stomatal conductance moisture regime on yield, grain yield, harvest index, rate of grain production and grain weight per spike was also a significant effect. Between cultivars and lines of most aspects of physiological characteristics, there were significant differences. The highest yield in the line with the average C-85D-13 553.5 ton/ha was allocated. These lines have the highest yield (888.6 ton/ha) in non-stress also won. Non-stress conditions lines of C-78-14 was higher than other varieties and also the greatest stress on stomatal conductance and the lowest yield was dedicated to the Zarin cultivar. Stress in the C-85D-13 won the highest chlorophyll. Results showed a significant effect of irrigation regimes on leaf area index and the C-85D-13 won the highest LAI. Overall results indicate that the lines C-85D-13 and C-78-14 in both conditions were considered acceptable to yield.

An experiment was carried out to investigate about the influence of supplementary irrigation and cultivar in morphological characteristics of Chickpea. The experiment was done in dryland condition at factually of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran with average annual precipitation of 482.42 mm in 2009-2010 farming year. The experiment was conducted split-plot, based on Randomized Complete Bloc Design (RCBD) with three replication an three factors, including supplementary irrigation at four levels including without supplementary irrigation (I0), one time irrigation at flowering stage (I1), one time irrigation at seed formation stage (I2) and Double time irrigation at flowering + seed formation stage (I3) and Tow row spacing (30 and 20 cm). The results of plant growth analysis on the basis of growth degree days (GDD) showed that supplemental irrigation increased dry matter accumulation (DMA), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) in treatment Double time supplementary irrigation. Through less competitive morphological characteristics were highest in 30 Cm row spacing. The results showed that flowering and seed formation stages in chickpea cultivars are sensitive to drought stress.

In order to study the identification of different symbiosis fungus in order to reproduce and development, this experiment was conducted at Iran in 2011. First selected rhizosphere soil of weed from experimental field at Shahr-e-Qods zone in Tehran and for removing fungal spores was used suspension cultured plant by water and passing the sieve 60, 100 and 400 mesh. Materials collected on 400 mesh sieve were transferred 60% sucrose and was centrifuged for three minutes at 2700 rpm. The upper suspension of centrifuge was transferred 400 mesh sieve and was washed by distilled water. The part of the material collected on 400 mesh sieve was transferred Petri dish and was removed spores with non-active hyphae with view sample by Binocular and pipette eppendorf and then was transferred tube 1.5×6 cm containing 2 ml of distilled water. The tubes were placed on ice and fungal spores community was visible by naked eye bottom of the tubes. To determine the number of active hyphae was used Tetrazolium standard method. Thus the number of spores in 10 gr of soil was placed on 1% MTT solution at 35°C for 24h. Then active hyphae and non-active hyphae were seen red and no-color after placed spores under a microscope respectively. The active hyphae was determined by counting the number of color spores in 10 g of soil. After isolation and study of spores 5 fungi were identified with following names: Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Glomus caledonium, Glomus clarum and Glomus etunicatum and Glomus mosseae was the dominant with a frequency of 86%.

In order to study the effects of drought stress on direct and indirect effects of characteristics in forage maize hybrids, a field experiment in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, was conducted in 2010 by Split plot experimental design was based on a randomized complete block with three replications. Main plots consisted of three irrigation levels of 70, 100 and 130 mm evaporation from class A standard evaporation pan. 14 new corn hybrids, including 11 hybrids and 3 hybrid controls (KSC704, KSC720, KSC700) were placed in the plots. According to the results of three irrigation regimes and stem dry weight, ear dry weight are important parameters in selecting Hybrids with more dry forage yield. The average number of leaves per plant, the time interval between pollination and the silk cords and leaf dry weight and plant dry weight of leaves during mild stress and severe stress. In addition, dry weight, stem dry weight and ear characteristics that are due to the moisture regime applied to hybrid corn can be used for hybrid selection.

In order to evaluate effect of application of salicylic acid in different rates and methods, on yield and morphological properties of cumin (Cuminumcyminum L.), this study was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replication in Research Field of Department of Agronomy, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University in 2011. Experimental factors comprised two application methods of salicylic acid (Spraying and mixed with irrigation water) as main plots and two concentration of salicylic acid (0, 0.1, 0.7 and 1.5 Mm) as sub plots. Measured traits included the biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, weight of thousands seed and plant height. Resultsindicated that the treating methods of salicylic acid significantly (P>0.01) affected the biological yield and plant height and at probability level of (P>0.05) affected the seed yield and weight of thousands seed. But there are no significant differences on harvest index. Also salicylic acid concentrations affected significantly (P>0.01) the plant height and affected the biological yield, seed yield and weight of thousands seed. But there are no significant differences on harvest index. Interaction effect of the treating methods and concentrations of salicylic acid significantly (P>0.05) affected the biological yield, harvest index and plant height, but it is not significant on seed yield and weight of thousands seed. It is necessary to attention that the maximum seed yield level was achieved in sprayed plant with 0.7 Mm concentration in amount of 1480.63 kg/ha and minimum seed yield level was achieved in irrigated plant with control concentration in amount of 1100.16 kg/ha.