JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:4 |Papers Count:10

In the present study, the water soluble polysaccharide extract of Padina australis (PPE) was added in concentrations of 0, 0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 g/kg to the diet of white leg shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) with average weight of 1± 0. 1 g to assess its ability to improve the activity of digestive enzymes and the biochemical parameters. Following feeding on these diets for 60 days, the highest activity of lipase and protease was shown in treatment containing 1. 5 g PPE/kg diet (p < 0. 05). The levels of albumin and total protein were higher in treatments containing various levels of PPE compared to the control treatment (p < 0. 05). The lowest levels of GLU, TRI, CHO, ASP. ALT and ALP were observed in the treatment containing 1. 5 g PPE/kg diet indicating significant difference with other treatments (p < 0. 05). The results demonstrated that inclusion of 1. 5 g/kg diet of PPE in commercial feeds might enhance the digestion function, liver health and nonspecific immunity system of L. vannamei.

Endurance training increase the proteins, enzymes and mitochondrial functions in human and animal samples. The purpose of this study was comparison of the influence of 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on PGC-1a and Tfam mitochondrial proteins expression in gastrocnemius muscle of elderly rats. In this study 45 elderly 22 months old Wistar rats (weighing 325-375g) were randomly divided into three groups: HIIT, MICT, and the control group. The exercise in the HIIT group was started with 20 minutes (2 minutes at 85-90% VO2max intensity and 2 minutes of recovery period at 45-50% VO2max intensity) in the first week and then reached to 48 minutes in the 12th week. The training program in the MICT group was begun with 20 minutes (at 65-70% VO2max intensity) and reached to 48 minutes in the 12th week. The expression levels of PGC-1α and Tfam proteins in gastrocnemius muscles were measured by Western blot method. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The PGC-1α expression was significantly increased in the HIIT (P< 0. 001) and MICT (P<0. 01) groups compared to the control group. Also, PGC-1α levels were significantly increased in the HIIT group compared to the MICT group (P<0. 05). Tfam expression was significantly increased in the HIIT (P<0. 01) and MICT (P<0. 05) groups compared to the control group. HIIT resulted in a greater increase in PGC-1α and Tfam expressions in the gastrocnemius muscle of elderly rats compared to MICT.

Supplementation by triphala along with aerobic exercises may affect obesity in various ways including increased metabolism. This study aimed at investigating the effect of four weeks of aerobic training with/without triphala supplementation on levels of lipid profile and body composition in obese and overweight girls. In this quasi-experimental study, 36 obese and overweight girls were selected based on certain criteria and randomly divided into four groups: 1) exercise + placebo 2) supplement 3) exercise + supplement 4) placebo. The first and the third groups performed the aerobic exercises for 4 weeks, and the second and third groups consumed 10 grams of triphala daily in the same period. Blood sampling and physical examination were performed to measure the variables 48 hours before and after the research's protocol. The data were analyzed by paired sample t test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey test at the significance level of 0. 05. The present study significantly decreased lipid profiles including cholesterol (p = 0. 0012), triglyceride (p = 0. 039), low density lipoprotein (p = 0. 001), high density lipoprotein (p = 0. 004), very low density lipoprotein (p = 0. 05), WC (p = 0. 009) and body fat percent (p = 0. 025) in the placebo + exercise group. Also, the significant decrease in fasting glucose index (p = 0. 043), WHR (p = 0. 001), WC (p = 0. 042) and body fat percent (p = 0. 001) was seen in the supplement group. Significant decrease was indicated in glucose level (P = 0. 003), WC (p = 0. 015), body fat percent (p = 0. 001) and body mass index (p = 0. 020) in the supplement + exercise group. Considering the significant reduction in body fat percentage and some anthropometric indices in the experimental groups, it was suggested that the obese girls use triphala supplement in addition to the aerobic exercises to improve their body composition.

Lavender has numerous effects such as analgesic, antidepressant, hypoglycemic, sedative and antioxidant properties and causes menstruation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the teratogenic effects of aqueous extract of Lavandula angustifolia on the development of BALB/c female mouse's embryos in the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th days of gestation. In this study, 60 adult female mice, weighing 26-28g, were randomly divided into 6 groups of 10 samples each (n = 10) including the control and the sham groups and four experimental groups, after copulation and observation of vaginal plaque, and Lavender aqueous extract was injected intraperitoneally in the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th days of gestation with the dose of 15 mg/kg mouse weight. Mice were anesthetized on day 16 of gestation. After dissection, the embryos were morphologically examined and the relevant histograms and charts were prepared. The results were assessed by using SPSS 23 software and one-way ANOVA test and Tukey test. The test significance levels were considered as p < 0. 001 and p < 0. 05. In the study, severe abnormalities including limb displacement from symmetry axis, encephalocele and no brain development, scoliosis, hemorrhage, spinal cord protrusion, eye protrusion, lack of limb, ear and eye development and exohepatic development was observed in embryos while the control and the sham groups had no abnormalities. The rate of limb displacement from symmetry axis and hemorrhage in the experimental group No. 4 were 100% and 96%, respectively, and in the experimental group No. 3, the hemorrhage abnormality was 70% and in the experimental group No. 2, limb displacement from symmetry axis was 55%. The results indicated that the aqueous extract of Lavender can cause abnormalities in mouse embryos due to its linalool composition, thus it is not recommended for use during pregnancy.

Given the inevitable side effects of anesthetics in aquaculture, blood and biochemical assessments are among the appropriate ways of identifying their side effects. This study was aimed at comparing the effects of the density and the duration of two anesthetics, known as 2-fenoxyethanol and MS-222, on the blood stress indicators (Glucose & Cortisol) of Barbus grypus. To do this, 100 Barbus grypus weighing 50± 5 g were selected and considered as three groups: one for anesthesia with 2-fenoxyethanol with concentrations of 200, 300 and 400 µ l/l, one for anesthesia MS222 with concentrations of 40, 50 and 80 mg/l and one as the control group. For each of the anesthetics, the anesthesia times were recorded after the fishes reaching the 4 th and 5 th stages of anesthesia, then blood sampling was done in effective dose in 3minutes-6hours-12hours and 24 hours intervals. According to the results, the effective dose of anesthesia for 2-fenoxy ethanol was 300 µ l/l and for MS222 was 50 mg/l. The results showed that MS-222 and 2-fenoxy ethanol caused the increase in the blood glucose through increase in cortisol since the early minutes after the fish’ s anesthesia and theses increasing effects would remain in the fish’ s blood for 24 hours after its anesthesia. The comparison of the effects of these anesthetics on the stress indicators showed that both of them caused the rise of the stress indicators, but the increasing effect of 2-fenoxy ethanol was higher, and there was a direct correlation between glucose and cortisol. So both of the anesthetics caused the stress induction on the studied species.

In this study, the effect of salinomycin and lasalocid on coccidian oocyte shedding was investigated in 6 groups of broilers. The groups 1 and 2 received lasalocid, and the groups 3 and 4 received salinomycin. In addition to the reception of medication, the groups 2 and 4 challenged with suspension containing 4 common Eimeria species when 14 days old. Group 4 as negative control, did not receive any medication and did not challenge with Eimeria, as well. The group 6, as positive control, only challenged with Eimeria mixture. The number of fecal oocytes was counted 7, 14 and 21days after inoculation in all groups. Moreover, the feed consumption, feed conversion rate and body weight increase was cumulatively assayed and compared during the breeding period. The comparison of oocyte shedding amount among the groups receiving oocyte and medication indicated that minimum oocyte shedding was observed in broilers receiving salinomycin and lasalocid and the continuous consumption of these medications led to the reduction of oocyte shedding. Furthermore, maximum body weight increase, minimum feed consumption and minimum feed conversion rate were associated with the salinomycin and lasalocid receiving groups. Also, there was no statistically significant difference between salinomycin and lasalocid medications. Thus, it might be suggested that salinomycin or lasalocid may reduce the oocyte shedding and improve growth indices in broilers infected by the Eimeria species which are widespread in Iran.

Chemical pesticides cause liver dysfunction. The study was aimed at investigating the effects of Bacillus coagulants and Lactobacillus casei probiotics on liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) in male rats. In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control group (normal saline, 0. 5 ml/day), sham group (Olive oil, 0. 5 ml/day), placebo group (CCl4 in the ratio of 1: 1 with Olive oil, 2ml/kg body weight, single dose), and treatment groups (CCl4 and Lactobacillus casei or Bacillus coagulans probiotics(. Liver damage was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 and probiotic treatment with a dose of 109 CFU for 35 days as gavage. One day after the last gavage, the levels of liver enzymes were measured and the histology of the liver tissue was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The obtained data was analyzed using one way ANOVA, Tukey test and p4 was significantly higher than that of the control and the sham groups (p<0. 05). However, they showed a significant reduction in the treatment groups compared to the group receiving CCl4 (p<0. 001). Liver tissue damage was also observed in the group receiving CCl4 compared to the control and the sham groups (p<0. 001). The recovery in the liver tissue was observed in the group treated with probiotics compared to the group receiving CCl4 (p<0. 05). Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus casei probiotics might reduce the destructive effects of CCl4 on the liver tissue through stimulating the secretion of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.

In order to investigate the effect of nicine and rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis) on sensory and microbial spoilage indicators of rainbow trout in cold storage conditions, four treatments were used including: control treatment (uncoated fillets), fillet coated with 0. 1% nisin, fillets coated with 0. 5% nisin and 1% rosemary extract and fillet coated with 0. 1% nisin and 2% rosemary extract. Quality control tests were carried out in 4 day interals during the 12 day period including microbial tests, counting the total number of bacteria, counting the psychrotrophic bacteria and counting the lactic acid bacteria, and sensory assessments such as color, odor and texture. The results indicated that increasing the storage time caused the significant increase in the total number of the bacteria, the number of the psychrotrophic bacteria and the lactic acid bacteria, and color, odor and texture indices in the control treatments (p <0. 05). The effect of coating by 0. 5% nisin plus 1 and 2% of rosemary extract on the total number of bacteria, the number of the psychrotrophic bacteria and the lactic acid bacteria and color, odor and texture indices during the storage period was significant (p<0. 05). The treatments coated with 0. 1% nisin, had no significant effect on the control of the samples’ spoilage compared to the above samples. The results indicated that the use of higher doses of Rosemary extract is effective in increasing the shelf life of rainbow trout in cold storage conditions.