MOSKUYA
Year:2008 | Volume:3 | Issue:9|Papers Count:12

Numerous researches have been done about political, military and diplomatic aspects and Ottoman empire, but analytically it is paid attention less to internal circumstances  of Ottoman sultans court and Harems.In this paper, it is tried to study the Herems in Ottoman empire, the life and role of Harems women, their enterance and marriage with Ottoman sultans and the role of Khorram Sultan when she was arrested by Kerimeh Tatars and her enterance into the Harem of Sultan Soleiman Ghanooni who was selected by Sultan Soleiman as her favourite wife due to her intelligence, beauty and attractiveness.By gaining power and Sultan Soleimans interest to her, she conspired to provide succession of Sultan for her children by help of her daughter and son-in-law which finally led to inauspicious fate for Ottomon court.

When Reza Khan appeared, who established peace and tranquility in country, some of modernists and the political elite paid attention to him. The modernists and the political elite believed that Reza Khan is the only man who could set reforms. They believed that he is worthy of the position in order to make reparations and political, social and economic radical reforms. The events of next years showed the same modernists, with full efforts and founding parties, publishing newspapers and legal channels based on constitution law, prepared everything for Reza Khan to reach the power and reign. When Reza Shah came to power, Iran was a field of struggle for the modernists and selected political men to do the best to promote the economic, industrial, social and commercial level in Iran.

Following the Constitutional Revolution up to 1921, Majlis was defeated to materialize the political demands of the reformists and constitutionalists due to the lack of effective executive system and pressure as well as influence of foreigners (Russia and Great Britain) or the internal reactionaries who opposed to constitution.After 1921, however, Reza Shah restored order and established the authority of the centeral government throughout the country, so the appropriate conditions were provided to permit the ratification of the bills and legislations which caused executive and judiciary affairs to be properly materialized.Many noteworthy laws passed in parliaments during the early years in the reign of Pahlavi, the First. This period can be cosidered as an evolution in legislative which culminated in such phase of progress, but after the elapsing these years, Reza Shah disclosed he was a despotic ruler and made the Majlis and representatives to be under his sovereignty. The members of parliament, therefore, had no authority and had to be merely obedient, apparently it was pretended Iran is a constitutional and democratic country and Majlis is independent. But on the contrary it had actually no authority. Without declaration on war, on 25th August 1941, the Western Allies invaded Iran. In the wake of invasion, Reza Shah abdicated in favour of his son and left his homeland never to return. The obstruction of freedom of speech and dicatorship removed and parliament regained the authority to approve or disapprove, independently, the submitted bills or laws.This article is intended to study the causes and necessities of the ratification of bills or laws in Majlis from the fourth term to the thirteenth term, in addition to clarify their abrogation.

From early days of history there were minorities and majorities in all civilizations. Divisions could be made upon race, religion and other distinctions. With a subtle glance at history, it could be seen that majorities reaction to minorities has not been changeless and it has varied form warm hospitalities to severe repression.Iran where was known in the past as Persia, is a place full of different races and variety of religions and beliefs.At the time of Safavid, shiism gained power and were fully encouraged by kings and the court. Shiite clergy could motivate kings (shahs) to implement Islamic law and rule the empire upon it. During the Safavid reign some tragic events occurred for religious minorities whom have lived in Persian territory for more than 2000 years, such as Jews, Zoroastrians and Christians. In this article, author has tried to adumbrate life of Jews and Zoroastrians in the time of Safavid in detail. This writing has great features including: concise history of Jewish Iranian and Zoroastrians, interesting stories about Jews and Zoroastrians during the reign of Safavid, comparative explanation of Jews and Zoroastrians inside Persia with Jews of Ottomon Empire and Zoroastrians of India.

Reign period of Shah Mohammad Khodabandeh (985-996 A.H) is one of the most ominous periods of Iran history because Iran underwent the risk of disintegration and destruction internally and externally. The invasion of Ottoman corps from western frontiers and Uzbeks from eastern and north-eastern frontiers externally and inconsistency of powerful heads of Qezelbash tribes internally were the causes of this destruction , but in this case they stood against ambitious and selfish wife of shah Mohammad, i.e Kheir-al-Nesa Beigom, who has taken the reins of government as the mother of four Safavid princes and rebelled more and more gradually , this rebel of Qezelbash heads accompanied with stubborness and obstinacy of Mahd-e Olia so that Qezelbash heads finally rushed the royal harem in 987 A.H and killed the wife of shah (Kheir-al-Nesa Beigom) and his mother so that powerless Shah Mohammad saw that heart-breaking event and kept quiet.

Mohammad Mufid Mustowfi Bafqi is one of the famous historians and authors of the17th century, who had position of the  Estifay-i-Mowqufat (the Administration of endowed lands) in Yazd. Despite he wrote two important books named Jame-i-Mufidi and Mukhtasar-i-Mufid, his biography is not mentioned in the biographicals of 17th and 18th centuries and our acquaintance about him is just confined to his writings, especially in Jame-i-Mufidi .The present article is considered to say about the quality of writing this book during author's life, meanwhile study of his books, especially Jame-i-Mufidi and its structure and impressibility from other sources.In chasing this problem, it has been achieved by library research about Mustowfi Bafqi's books, in particular his main book , Jame-i-Mufidi, it should be attended meanwhile studying of the existing documents and evidence about comparative study of this book with other sources and to take the measure of their reciprocal effects.  Mustowfi Bafqi has given useful information about administrative and social relationship at that time in addition to giving rare information about Yazd history and geography in the book Jame-i-Mufidi that give it a distinguished rank in the Safavid period studies.

Iran's Constitutional Revolution is considered as the beginner of widespread political-social developments in Iran's contemporary history. In the process of the revolution, such as other world's great revolutions, took place different political-social events, which their analyzing and surveying need much study and contemplation.One of the events that could be mentioned bitterly, is the Atabak's Park incident (1328 A.H), which took place after conquering Tehran, when Abdollah Behbahani was killed, under the title of Mojahedan (the Holy warriors) disbarment; and finally led to murdering and injuring several of the Mojahedan and getting shot Sattarkhan's foot; and disarmamenting a part of the Mojahedan.As examining this important Incident requires deep study around the Iran's political conditions after conquering Tehran, the article tries in the course of study in Iran's political conditions on the early months after conquering Tehran, and to introduce different political wings included the factors of the conflicts and tensions of the period, to evaluate the background of the under discussion event.

The book Tajziah –al- Amsar and Tazjiah – al – Asar  known as Vassaf  History compiled by Abdollah Shirazi titled as " Vassaf – al – Hazareh " is one of the most important texts of Iranian chronology. This book is published in five volumes which analyzes and studies the events of years between 654 and 728 A.H.This article tries to analyze and explain the chronology of Vassaf – e Shirazi. The most important issues of this book include morphology and contents of Vassaf work, the importance and characteristics of Vassaf chronology, informative resources for historian in writing, and his writing style. Undoubtly using an analytical method based on critique and analysis by Vassaf and his attempt to use an approach based on historical neutrality have made his chronology closer to what is considered as scientific chronology these days.

This research is seeking to study the events relating to the fall of safavid   government and dominance of Afghan on Iran. Safavid dignity in this period was not as good as Shah Abbass period .That government went to fall by some Ghalzaee. In this research, the reason of Afghans dominance and social-economic influences of their sovereignty are studied. Afghans who invaded Iran under leadership of Mahmood Afghan were from Ghalzaee tribe. They lived in Ghandehar. They revolted due to dissatisfactory with Safavid government and entered into Safavid   platform   from salt desert. In spite of their few numbers, they entered Esfahan easily, because Esfahan army had been weak. Shah Sultan surrendered. As a powerful general, Mahmood Afghan also entered into the city and began to Massacre and plunder people by help of Fatva (a religious statement). But Mahmood Afghan kingdom wasn’t durable, because his policies changed into harshness and murder and he ruled only Esfahan surroundings and some parts of Kerman and Sistan. Afghans sovereignty in Iran led to   disintegration of social structures which were formed during Safavid period. It also led to public abhorrence toward Afghans. Many people were Massacred due to successive wars and revolts. Afghans sovereignty also led to closing schools and scientific centers.

Kurds are one of the Iranian ancient tribes (ethnic groups) whose background dates back to the heart of the old myths just as this trait have made one of the motivation of attention of historians and researchers to Kurds regions. Of course it must be mentioned that some regions like Bilavar that is located between Kurdestan and Kermanshah that has hardly been dealt by the historians and sociologists.This research, has adopted a historical and sociological orientation(approach) towards the Bilavar changes and transitions of the issues, it is going to investigate the origin of the tribes settled in this area along with their cultural and socio- political  beliefs in order to come up with an understanding of a part of this Kurd area, because Bilavar contrary to have a heart anticident the lack of commercial paths and width relationship with other areas not only it hadn’t been attentioned by the master of rich and wealth, but also it has been as a peripheral region  between Ouraman in west and Dinevar in east and eastern south in the field of politic and commerce.