MOSKUYA
Year:2012 | Volume:7 | Issue:20|Papers Count:8

Following the decline of Agh-Ghoyunlou in 907 AH, Esmaeil Shah (Sultan) Safavi took over the kingdom and chose Tabriz as the capital of his reign due to its superior political and economic situation. However, because of religious dogmatism, Ottoman attack, and Ghezelbash obstinacy, general conditions of Azarbayjan region fell apart. This challenging condition continued up to Shah Tahmasb period. In addition, due to his specific politics, the capital was changed from Tabriz to Ghazvin leading to gradual political and economic weakness of Azerbaijan. This critical condition motivated many statesmen, scientists, and experts of this area to immigrate for a number of reasons such as security and peace, freedom from dogmatism, scientific growth, earning power, money, and fame. Some were later sent from Azerbaijan and Tabriz to Russia and Contantinople by Ottoman while some others moved to Ghazvin and Isfahan in Iran. Separation from home weakened work and business forces in Azerbaijan resulting in a severe shock to the cultural and scientific bodies of this zone. This study aims to investigate the immigration reasons of Azerbayjan’s people to Isfahan and their occupations in the destination during Safavi age.

Once the history of the Constitutional Era is surveyed, the School of Political Sciences- that established in 1909- is considerably outstanding through a variety of aspects. First, it is among the initial schools which had a high educational level. Second, for the very first time a professional team was specifically educated for participation in the diplomatic system of Iran through this school. Also, fields of study including the Basic Rights, International Rights and the Science of Wealth-Economics- were taught in this school and certain texts and references were compiled for them. These new sciences and teachings found their way in the Iranian community through the School of Political Sciences, and this issue enriched and deepened the modern movement of Constitution. While the School of Political Sciences was established by Mirza Nasrollah Khan Moshir-ol-Dollah, the major idea behind it is attributed to his son, Mirza Hassan Khan Moshir-ol- Molk (the successive Moshir-ol-Dollah). Yet Mirza Mehdi Khan Momtahen-ol-Dollah has in his works implied that the main idea of the School of Political Sciences belongs to him. Based on his words, it should be accepted that the idea of the School of the Political Sciences was founded not during the ministry of Mirza Nasrollah Khan Moshir-ol-Dollah, but rather during the second period of the ministry of Mirza Saeed Khan Mo’tamen-ol-Molk Ansari.

This essay wants to demonstrate the amounts of Ardalans families history looking toward the social history of Kurdistan. Meanwhile short review on lives of these historians, the essential emphasis is on one aspects of historiography that is the amounts of social, economical and cultural conditions of Kurdistan in these histories.The histories of Ardalans family are among the traditional historiography and we could see the basis of traditional historiography on it very well. These books more speaks about the political events and the description of wars of Ardalans families and rulers, but the different social, economical and cultural problems didn’t argued on them very truly. On another words because of exceeding attention to political and military history in these books, the inclination of political and military report is dominant and little attended to social, economical and cultural problems. However we should exempt Hadiqe Naserye and Tohfe Naseri from this rule in which there are remarkable information’s about social and economical characteristics and religion affairs in geography part of them.

The Safavid period (1501-1723) indeed is the era of culmination activities of Catholic missionaries With the purpose of expansion of Roman Catholic Christianity in the world. Missionaries of the Different Catholic orders Such as the Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, Capuchins, Jesuits and Carmelites in the groups and with the support of European governments Such as France, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Poland and Vatican Court were sent to Persia. Among the missionary groups in Safavid Iran, Carmelit missionaries had more strong presence in Iran especially in the second half of the Safavid era during the reign of Abbas I to the Safavid decline. they worked in various fields of political, religious and cultural activities. Discalced (Bare Footed) Carmelites (O.C.D) priests came to court of Shah Abbas I from 1604 and in fig Ambassadors of Pope Clement VIII (1592-1605) and Even after the decline of Safavids and until mid Zandieh, had a continuously attend in Persia. But presence and activities of Carmelites in Iran during Safavid dynasty caused many responses of different generations residing in Iran such as Muslims, Armenians, religious scholars and some of catholic missioners. The purpose of this paper is dealing with the reaction of different generations in iran against the Christianity of West in the second half of the Safavid era during the reign of Shah Abbas to the Safavid decline. The findings of this study can be looked at from two sides; The first is reaction of the Iranian community that these responses reflect the depth of Iranian knowledge about international affairs. The second is shown That Carmelite missionaries behavioral policies to reduce direct confrontation with the vow of people employed.

Taziyeh (theatrical reenactment of the Battle of Karbala) and mourning for Seyedolshohada (the leader of martyrs) has been widely popular and valued in Iran. Interest of Qajar kings in these ceremonies, particularly Naser al-Din Shah, provided the grounds of development of Taziyeh in Iran. The close relationship between Shah and the first grade clergymen of the country made a great contribution to this growth leading to erection of a great number of Takias (mourning halls, also called Hussainia) throughout Iran during Qajar dynasty. One of these Takias was Dolat or Homayoni Takia which was considered the greatest Takias of Iran in that time. The era of Naser al-Din Shah’s reign should be regarded as the golden age of lamentation under the aegis of government. Almost 200 to 300 Takias and Hussainias were built in this period for holding mourning ceremonies. This golden period declined after Naser al-Din Shah. Reza Shah outlawed mourning for Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) as he succeeded to the throne, and Dolat Takia was entirely abandoned to leave its main applications to quite different usages. This Takia was finally razed during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah and new buildings of Bank Melli Iran were built thereon. It seems that great interest of Naser al-Din Shah in lamentation ceremonies led to expansion of Taziyeh and building many Takias in Iran. This development period came to its end with his death in 1313 AH along with political upheavals after his death, and Dolat Takia was gradually ruined. In this article an attempt is made to use first hand sources to refer to the history of development and demolition of Dolat Takia.

The economic strategy of the Sassanids, bed of the Mazdakian Movement Mazdak movement and the resulting economic and social developments, major challenges facing the political system, the Sassanids in Iran. These movements Besides a few decades of its existence due to the scope, depth and effectiveness is fantastic, the ruler of serious challenges the continuity was found between the height of the conflict between different social classes had created a virtual wall. present study is based on the principle of free movement of Mazdak address and details while focusing on macro policy and economic strategy of the Sasanian state. of this study will be using a variety of sources of knowledge about the relationship between grand strategy and the policy of the Sassanids in the economy has Mazdakian movement, the inductive method of reasoning should be and why the rise of Mazdak movement to deduce the function of social and economic conditions of the time.