JOURNAL OF CROP BREEDING
Year:2016 | Volume:7 | Issue:16|Papers Count:21

In present study IRAP and REMAP markers were used to assess genetic diversity levels in 45 genotypes of different types of tobacco germplasm, including burley, flue-cured and oriental tobacco that out of 20 composition primers, 5 IRAP primersand 9 REMAP primers produced scorable and polymorphic banding patterns. Totally from 188 amplified loci, 153 loci were polymorph. RTR-10 and RTR-1 with 22 and 16 bands andUBC817+RTR-1 with 4 bands had the maximum and minimum polymorphic bands, respectively. In overall studied genotypes, PIC value varied between 0.16 to 0.33 and MI between 0.34 to 6.25. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method, 45 genotypes were placed in five cluster groups. GroupsI, II and III to V including burley type, flue-cured tobacco and oriental tobacco genotypes, respectively.Canonical Discriminate Function via Fisher's linear method was ableto confirm 73.3 percent of the validity of clustering analysis result.

In micropropagation of Anthurium the most important and sensitive stage, is callus induction from explant. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in 4 replications in Sari Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) in 2010. The cultivar used in this study is Fire and leaf segments with and without main nervure, were used as explants. Explants were cultured on mMS media with 2, 4-D (0.0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20 and 0.24 mgL-1) and BA (1 mgL-1), 30% sucrose and 7% agar for callus induction.Calli were cultured in mMS media with BA (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mgL-1), 206 mgL-1 NH4NO3, 20% sucrose and 7% agar for shoot regeneration. Four weeks after inoculation, callus induction initiated in explants with nervure. Regardless of 2, 4-D concentrations, leaf explants with the main nervure, showed highest callus induction (48.3%). The leaf explants with main nervure in mMS medium contain 0.16 mgL-1 2, 4-D showed the highest callus induction (83.7%) and the leaf explant without main nervure in mMS medium without 2, 4-D showed the lowest callus induction (12.5%).The best rate of BA for shoot regeneration (20.83%) was 1 mgL-1. The callus on mMS medium containing 1 mgL-1 BA showed the highest shoot regeneration (20.83 %) and the callus in mMS medium containing 0.25 mgL-1BA showed the lowest shoot regeneration.

In Present research, 196 F2: 4 families from the cross between two Iranian local and improved rice varieties, Sepidrood and Gharib, were used to identify QTLs controlling cooking and milling quality traits. The polymorphism between parents was evaluated by 550 SSR markers and 10 primer combinations of the AFLP markers and linkage map was constructed by 216 polymorphic markers (105 SSRs and 111 AFLPs). The map covered 1861.3 cM of the rice genome with an average distance of 8.95 cM between markers. QTL analysis by composite interval mapping identified 28 QTLs for the studied traits, which some QTLs controlled more than one trait. Furthermore, one major QTL explaining high percentage of the phenotypic variance together with one or several minor QTLs were identified for each studied traits. The major QTLs controlling the studied traits and their linked markers can be considered as selectable markers for marker assisted selection (MAS) programs.

Leptosphaeria maculans causes blackleg disease on Brassica oilseedcrops, which globally is one of the great threats for oilseed production. In order to determine virulence types of this fungi, several isolates were collected from canola fields in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, Totally 12 isolates were selected and tested by three standard (definitional) cultivars including Westar, Quinta and Glacier in which two virulence types including PGT and PG2 were identified. In order to screen some existence local and some new canola genotypes, 24 genotypes of B. rapa, B. napus, B. juncea and B. nigra species were tested against PGT and PG2 isolates. As a result, among tested genotypes, Option and Champlain cultivars were resistance but PF and Adriana were moderate resistance to PG2 virulence type. In addition, Option and Champlain cultivars were moderate resistance to PGT virulence type of the disease.

In order to study the relationships between traits affecting grain yield in six Mungbean cultivars two seprate random complete block designs were conducted in three replicates under normal and drought. Conditions Correlation analysis showed that phenological traits had the most positive and significant correlation with seed yield. Stepwise regression performed two traits namely, days to pod and days to 50 percent flowering, respectively and models was totally identified 99.9 percent of yield changes. Path analysis for yield of plant traits showed that days to pod emergence had direct and negative effects on yield was also the trait days to flowering and -50 percent flowering had the highest direct positive effects on yield. Therefore, this trait can be good for using in breeding programs to increase yield performance of mungbean cultivars.

Optimization of regeneration methods in cotton is necessary to improve and successful production of transgenic cotton cultivars by tissue culture techniques. Present study was conducted to determine the callus induction and plant regeneration of cotton genotypes through In vitro culture and this carried out using hypocotyl and cotyledon explants from 7-14 day-old.For callus induction the explants were cultured on MS1 medium using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications and supplemented with a combination of auxin and cytokinin hormones for 10 weeks. Cultures were incubated at 28±2oC under a light intensity of approximately 2000 lux with 16.8 light/dark photoperiod for callus induction. For embryogenesis, embryogenic calli were transferred on a hormone-free MS medium supplemented with NH4NO3 and KNo3. Although, KNO3 is less efficient for somatic embryo induction but it was the best for embryo maturation. For germination of somatic embryos all produced embryogenic calli were cultured on a MS medium supplemented with GA3. Genotype 4-S-4 was better than the other genotypes with both kinds of explants (hypocotyl and cotyledon) in callus initiation, callus induction and embryogenic callus production.

In order to evaluate drought resistance indices, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design in three replications with bread thirteen wheat genotypes and two levels of irrigation, stressed and non stressed, at Dry land Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Maragheh, in 2009-2010. To evaluate drought tolerance genotypes on the basis of yield performance in stressed (ys) and non-stressed (yp) environments, quantitative measures of drought tolerance such as mean productivity (MP), tolerance index (TOL), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), stress susceptibility index (SSI) and stress tolerance index (STI), were computed. The Analysis of variance showed that the highest potential and stress yield were related to the genotypes 4 and 12, respectively. The highest stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP), tolerance index (TOL), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and harmonic mean (HM) were related to the genotypes 4, 6 and 1. In both stressed and non-stressed conditions, correlation analysis between yield and all indices revealed that STI is the best indice for screening of drought tolerant genotypes. Cluster analysis for yield in stressed (ys) and non-stressed (yp) environments and grouped drought tolerance quantitative indices in three groups. Factor analysis based on principal component analysis method indicated that two important factors justified 99.9 (first factor assigned 74.26% and two factor assigned 25.64%) percent of the total variation among traits in drought and non-drought stress conditions.

We have isolated a Na+/H+antiporter gene from Aeluropus littoralis under NaCl salt stress.The isolated cDNA is 3981 bp long and contains a 3438 bp open reading frame. The amino acid sequences of PtNHA1 show high identities to SOS1 plant transporters. PtNHA1 is predicted to contain 12 hypothetical transmembrane domains in the N-terminal part and a long hydrophilic cytoplasmic tail in the C-terminal part. The expression pattern of this gene was investigated upon 250 mM NaCl treatment after 6 h and 1, 3, 8 and 17 days time courses. Expression of AlSOS1 greatly increased in leaves after 6 h. In node and internode tissues the transcript levels of AlSOS1 peaked at 24 h after salt treatment and then gradually decreased within 3 and 8 days and finally after 17 days reached to a steady-state in which the mRNA content was similar to that of control plants. The transcript abundance of this gene in roots slightly increased upon salt treatment and after 3 days reached to its maximum levels and this expression continued until 8 days and then decreased to reach a new steady-state in which the mRNA content was about 2- fold that of control plants.

Phytophthora root and crown rot of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is regarded as one of the main soilborn diseases of this crop in Iran. Sampling and isolating of the causal agent was performed from farms in Ghazvin, Karaj and Isfahan. A frequently isolated oomycete called Phytophthora drechsleri was determined as the major pathogen of the disease. Twenty different genotypes of safflower were inoculated in mature and seedling stages using three different methods.Hypocotyls and cotyledons of 10-days seedlings were inoculated by putting a small disk of freshly prepared mycelial mat of pathogen. The results of two inoculation methods suggested that cultivars and lines including Gol sefid-e-Esfahan and KW10 in the hypocotyle method and local Ajabshir line in the second method of cotyledon inoculation had the highest level of tolerance to the pathogen. Results of detached leaf method indicated that the lines local Ajabshir, KW6, Golsefid Esfahan, Varamin295 and Zarghan279 have the highest level of tolerance to disease, respectively.The results suggest that local Iranian lines should have higher level of tolerance to the disease.

Achieving optimal results in breeding programs require to make informed choices of parents based on general and specific combining ability. Determining of the combining ability and genetic variance components is one of the most important stage in breeding program of maize inbred lines. For this purpose, the number of 25 early maturity lines with two testers (k1263/1 early and late A679) crossed in line ´ tester method and 50 hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in both the normal irrigation and drought stress conditions in 2013 in Mashhad Agricultural Research Station. The results of the analysis of variance showed significant differences among hybrids for all traits in both environments at the 1% probability level. Variance of line ´ tester and ratio of s2 sca / s2 gca indicated greater role of non-additive variance (dominance variance) for most of the traits in both irrigation conditions. For yield and other traits in normal conditions, the lines 1, 5, 14, 15 and 18 and in stress condition, the lines 1, 10, 18, 26 and 31 have positive and significant GCA and the earliness, the lines 1, 7, 8, 10 and 28 have negative and significant GCA in both conditions. For yield, composition including L5 ´ T1, L9 ´ T1, L16 ´T2 and L19 ´ T1 in normal conditions and combinations of L1 ´ T1, L13 ´ T1, L27 ´ T2 and L16 ´ T2 had a positive and significant SCA in drought conditions. The selected genotypes can be used in regional trails and also for estimation of genotype ´ environment interaction effects.

Genetic diversity of 45 wheat varietions were studied using AFLP markers. From 11 primer combinations of PstI and Mse1for obtaining AFLP polymorphism, six primer combinations (PCGA/ M-CTA, P-ATG/M-CTG, P-ATG/M-CAT, P-AGT/M-CTA, P-AGT/M-CAG and P-ATG/MCAG) produced polymorphic bands. Totally, 328 bands be produced that 207 bands (63.10%) were polymorphic, which showing high polymorphism among genotypes. PIC was variable between 0.39 in P-AGT/M-CAG and 0.44 in P-ATG/M-CT. According to Nei’s gene index and Shanon’s information index, the highest and the lowest genetic diversity within genotypes on the basis primer combinations were obtained in P-ATG/MM-CAT and P-CGA/M-CTA primer combinations.Cluster analysis based on furthest neighbors linkage and Nei's genetic distance categorized the genotypes into six clusters. The highest and lowest number of genotypes situated in sixth (41.86%) and fourth (4.65%) clusters, respectively. The similarity's range based on Dice similarity coefficient changed between 0.57-0.99. Arta and Ghods had the highest genetic similarity (0.99) and Azadi and Koohdasht owned the lowest genetic similarity.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is the only vegetable crop of significance among Malvaceae family and is commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.Mutation induction has been accepted as a useful tool in plant breeding programs to provide maximum inheritable variability. To investigate the effects of Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) on variation induction on agronomic traits of okra, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications at three EMS concentration levels (0.175%, 0.350% and 0.525%) and two time period (18 and 24 h). In the M1 generation, agronomic traits were recorded including plant height, pod number/plant, pod length, pod diameter, stem thickness, seed number/pod, pod weight, number of locules and 100 seed weight.Analysis of variance showed that EMS concentrations were significant at the 5% level for seed number/pod and pod weight, number of locules and were significant for plant height, pod diameter, stem thickness and 100 seed weight at the 1% probability level. The treatment duration was significant (p≤0.05) for plant height, pod length, pod diameter and seed number/pod. Due to the used doses, application of EMS lead to increase or decrease in plant height, pod number/plant, pod length, pod diameter, stem thickness, seed number/pod, pod weight, number of locules and 100 seed weight in okra. These results indicating that EMS could greatly affect the most studied characters in M1 generation which it would increase the efficiency of breeding objectives.

The selection efficiency of the most desirable safflower genotypes can be improved by incorporating the graphical methods and statistical analysis. This experiment was carried out to determine grain yield stability of safflower genotypes using the graphical and statistical methods. Twenty safflower genotypes were evaluated in Chachsaran, Choram, Behbehan and Dehdasht using randomized complete block design with three replications in three cropping seasons (2001-2004). The results of simple analysis of variance indicated the significance of genotype effect on grain yield. The results of combined analysis of variance revealed significance of genotype, environment, genotype ´ environment interaction and linear genotype ´ environment interaction effects. Since the genotype ´ environment interaction effect was significant, seven stability statistics including Si, CV, Wi 2, si 2, bi, Sdi 2 and Sdi were calculated for stability analysis and the results indicated genotype 3 (PI250536-2) had the highest grain yield stability. The results of AMMI (Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction) model showed that 98.74% of total genotype ´environment interaction variation was due to four principle components (PCs). Based on the above statistics and the biplots derived from AMMI analysis, genotypes 3 (PI250536-2), 10 (Syrian hama 1), 14 (Saffir) and 16 (PI 251268) had grain yield stability. These genotypes were identified as suitable and adapted genotypes with grain stability for the studied environments.

Facilitate the selection procedure to improve performance of new genotypes of rice is essential. In present study in order to evaluate relationship between grain yields with other agronomic traits, a global rice collection including 100 accessions was seeded in an incomplete block design (triple lattice 10×10). Afterward, grain yield and 14 morphological traits were evaluated. Correlation coefficient displayed a positive and significant correlation between grain yield and number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grains weight and grain width. To select affective traits in grain yield step wise regression was done and 1000-grains weight, number of filled grain per panicle, number of fertile tillers, grain length and flag leaf length were entered to regression model. Path analysis was used to understand the direct and indirect effect of these traits with grain yield. Results showed 1000-grains weight and number of filled grain per panicle had the largest positive direct effect and lowest negative indirect effect on grain yield.Therefore, the results can be pointed out the importance of these traits in improvement grain yield. However, 1000-grains weight and number of filled grain per panicle can be appropriate criteria for indirect selection for grain yield in rice breeding projects.

In Present research 14 maize hybrids were studied in form of randomized compelet block design with 4 replicates across 6 environments including 3 agriculture research centers (Karaj , Mashhad and Jiroft) in two years (1390-1391).Result of combined variance analysis showed that genotype ´year´location interaction is meaningful in %1 probability level. According to this result for studying interaction effect and determining stable hybrids, the GGE biplot multivariate method was used. Results showed that the first two principal components regression model explained 92% of the observed changes. By using Biplot polygons, six Top genotypes and two mega environments were identified. Also based on, both yield and stability biplot, genotype number 2, were identified as stable genotype with average function. Biplot analysis of correlations between environments a positive correlation between the Jiroft and Karaj and a negative correlation between Mashhad and Karaj environments were existed Evaluation of genotypes relative performance revealed that genotype No.5 in Karaj and genotypes 14 and 2 in Mashhad and Jiroft, had the highest performance.

There is a lot of information about genes sequence but their functions are still unknown. So, to fill the gap between structure and function of these sequences many reverse genetic researches have been done. Current experiment studying, how to design gene-specific primers, that can determine single nucleotide diversity and its impact on gene function. This research was condacted at International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). Genes studied in present experiment include two genes responsible for salinity tolerance in barley, CBL4 and HvHKT1, in which eight primer pairs were designed. Primers efficiency for amplification of desired regions and demonstration of the single nucleotide variation was assessed through polymerase chain reaction and sequencing the fragments. All primers were designed with high function for amplification of genomic fragments and the associated single nucleotide diversity.These specific primers were designed from gene coding regions. They can therefore help to study nucleotide diversity between different genotypes and their roles in changes in gene function. Also, selection based on gene-specific markers would be more efficient than linked markers.

In order to assessment of grain yield and some of morphological characters in safflower genotypes under irrigated and rainfed conditions fifteen spring safflower genotypes were studied using two separate experiments based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2010-2011 growing season at Miandoab Research Station, Iran. Analysis of variance for each conditions revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all characters except plant height, number of branch per plant and 100-seed weight in irrigated condition. Also, analysis of variance indicated significant differences among genotypes for all characters except number of branches per plant, in rainfed conditions Mean comparison between irrigated and rainfed conditions revealed that, water deficit stress reduced number of days to complete flowering, number of heads per plant, head diameter, number of seeds per head, 100-seed weight, grain yield and oil percentage. Significant positive correlations of grain yield with head diameter and number of grain per head were observed in both conditions. Cluster analysis based on all traits studied grouped genotypes into four groups under both conditions. In general under both conditions, “IL- 111” have the most grain yield, number of seed per head and head diameter in comparison with the other genotypes and “Syrian”, “PI-537530” and “Dincer” genotypes were included the next in the ranked, respectively. Finally, it seems these genotypes are suitable for cultivation in marginal lands that constantly exposed to water deficit during the growing season, and areas with similar climatic conditions.

Juniper (Juniperus excelsa L.), a plant with very slow growth and belong to Cuperssaceae family, has medicinal characteristics and is rich in aromatic essential oils and valuable in Pharmaceutical and perfumery industries. Therefore, to use tissue culture an experiment was undertaken using lateral buds explants. Present study has been fulfilled using factorial experiments based on completely randomized designs with 3 replications using MS (Murashige and Skoog) and WPM (Woody Plants Medium) in two separate experiments that supplemented with different concentrations of Kin (0, 0.1, 0.2 mgl-1) with 2, 4-D (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mgl-1) and NAA (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mgl-1) with Kin (0, 0.1, 0.2 mgl-1). The highest average weight of calli was produced on WPM medium containing 3 mgl-1 NAA in combination with 0.2 mgl-1 Kin. The highest diameter of calli was formed on WPM medium containing 4 mgl-1 NAA in combination with 0.1 mgl-1 Kin and the highest percentage of callus induction was also obtained on WPM medium containing 3 mgl-1 2, 4-D in combination with 0.2 mgl-1 Kin.

Triticale as a man-made cereal is well known for having tolerance to environmental stresses and thus recommended for planting in marginal lands. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant enzyme activity of 18 triticale lines comprising 9 doubled haploid (DH) and 9 corresponding advanced lines (F7) and two bread wheat cultivars (Rowshan and kavir) in research farm and laboratory of Agricultural College of Isfahan university of technology during growing season of 2008-2009 under normal and stress conditions. Both the experimental design was equally and simultaneously irrigated until the mid-jointing stage, then irrigation was performed by evaporation from class A evaporation pan. The highest accumulation and antioxidant activities was obtained under stressed condition. The orthogonal comparisons showed that triticale lines and wheat cultivars differed significantly for yield and antioxidant activity with triticale being significantly superior than wheat cultivars under both environmental conditions. Free proline content during water stress condition was increased. As a general conclusion, DH line number 4 by having high proline content and low grain yield reduction under drought stress was ranked as superior drought tolerant genotype.

Existance of genotype ´ environment interaction effects are constraints in evaluation and release of new cultivars. In order to evaluate new high-yielding promising lines and assess their yield stability, an experiment was conducted with ten promising genotypes of rice and two control variety (Shiroudi and Fajr) in two regions of Mazandaran (Deputy of Rice Research Institute in Amol and Ghavdasht Rice Research Station in Babol) under randomized complete block design with four replications during two years (2012-2013). Simple Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the genotypes for all traits in two location. [Combined ANOVA was also performed following Bartlett test (for uniformity of error variances)]. Combined ANOVA was performed according to the homogeneity of experimental error. Results showed significant differences among the genotypes and reflect genetic differences between genotypes. Genotypes 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 produced higher yields, with 5.8, 6.2, 6.3, 5.8 and 6.2 ton per hectare, respectively.Genotypes 7 and 6 showed highest harvest indices with 0.57 and 0.54, respectively. Genotype 6 due to its high harvest index and, a high percentage of filled seeds (%78 in group a) and its high yield, was selected as the best genotype.

Finding the appropriate parents for breeding programs is the main aim of selecting in drought tolerant crops and landraces under stresses conditions. In present survey, eigthey wheat landraces and varieties from different areas of Iran were evaluated in Gorgan agricultural research station (as a normal or potential yield) and Mazrae-Nemoneh (as under stress condition) during two years (1999-2000). In first year, grain yield, biomass and harvest index of genotypes in two conditions were compared to check varieties and genotypes were omitted because of their low production. In second year, the rest of genotypes examined in an augmented experimental design with measuring the other traits and Siren and Hirmand varieties produced significantly more grain yield than check varieties. Drought tolerance index and grain yield under stress conditions significantly and positively correlated by potential grain yield, kernel weight and peduncle length (P<0.01) and negatively correlated with plant height, leaf burning, days to heading and days to maturity in non-stressed plants and have no significant correlation with awn length and leaf rolling. Genotypes classification by cluster analysis showed two groups: the first group was consisted of Siren and Hirmand varieties and two genebanks numbers (1 and 24) from Golestan province, which have lower plant height (potential), nonfertile tillers, higher peduncle length, kernel weight (potential), grain yield (in both conditions) and smaller drought stress index than total average. The second group is generally consisted of some landraces from Golestan and Mazandaran provinces. Recommended be Helmand and Syrn cultivars, directly comparing the test performance of rainfed areas are studied, Also we can use drought resistance genotypes in plant breeding program.