PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY (ARSANJAN BRANCH)
Year:2018 | Volume:10 | Issue:33 |Papers Count:24

To evaluate the qualitative traits of barley in response to biofertilizers (Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Azospirillum) with affected by different regimes of irrigation the experiment was carried out in Karaj Azad University research field in 2013 with split plot based on Completely Randomize Block Design with four replications. In this experiment irrigation treatments were in main plots with three levels which interrupt of irrigation at 80, 65 and 50% of field capacity (normal irrigation), (35 and 50 percent of humidity discharge) and sub plots contained seed inoculation with bacteria such as |inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum, Azotobacter chrococcum, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas×Azotobacter, Pseudomonas×Azospirillum, Azotobacter×Azospirillum | and control (un inoculation) in seven levels. The results of analysis of variance showed that biofertilizer had significant effect on antioxidant enzymes at 1% probability. The activity of antioxidant enzymes affected with biofertilizers were increased at water deficit condition which Azospirillum lipoferum caused increasing about 16. 7% and 21. 4% and Pseudomonas×Azospirillum caused increasing about 18. 2% and 25. 9% for superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in irrigation at 50% of field capacity, respectively than control. Yield showed low decrease in irrigation at 50% of field capacity than normal irrigation such as yield decreasing in irrigation at 50% of field capacity was only about 13. 2% with affected by Azospirillum than normal irrigation. The data showed that biofertilizer have efficient role on barley yield at water deficit condition.

In order to evaluate the different treatment of nitroxin bio-fertilizer combined with nitrogen fertilizer on yield of savory an experiment was conducted based randomized complete block design at research farm of Islamic Azad University Branch is located in the north of Khuzestan in 2014-2015. The treatments were 50% chemical fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer to irrigation systems, use of 100% biofertilizer to irrigation, use of chemical fertilizers by 50% and 50% bio-fertilizer to seed treatment method +Irrigation, seed treatment use 100% bio-fertilizer + irrigation method, using 100% chemical fertilizer, consumption 50% chemical fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer to seed treatment method, using 100% biofertilizer to seed treatment method and control (without chemical and bio-fertilizer ). In this experiment, it was found that the use of 50% chemical fertilizers with 50% Bio-fertilizer hundred in seed treatment method increases the amount of chlorophyll and the leaf area index. It also uses 100% chemical fertilizer to increase the number of leaves per plant, fresh weight and the height. The maximum of dry weight and yield essential oils in plants grown on 100% bio-fertilizer treatments by seed treatment rates, respectively 0. 9933g and 9. 02 kg per hectare compared to control. Results of this study indicate that the use of biofertilizer alone or combined with chemical fertilizers have a positive effects to improve the growth characteristics and yield on savory planting. Instead of continuous use Chemical fertilizers can be moved by optimized using organic inputs in sustainable agriculture.

Peppermint is one of the most important medicinal plants that widely used in food, cosmetics and drug industries. In this investigation, the effects of biofertilizers (Nitroxine and Thiobacillus) on morphological and phytochemical properties of Mentha pipertita L. studied. An experiment including 16 treatments and 3 replications was conducted according to a completely randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement in the research field of University of Zanjan. The treatments were consisted of Nitroxine (0, 2, 4, 6 l/ha), and Thiobacillus (0, 4, 6, 8 kg/ha) incorporated with sulphur (300 kg/ha). The evaluated traits were including yield and yield parameters (fresh weight, dry weight, essential oil percent, stem length, shoot numbers, chlorophyll content, leaf length, leaf width, inflorescence numbers, inflorescence length, stem diameter, leaf relative density, leaf area index, Secretory glands, node numbers and internode length). The results showed that maximum leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, shoot numbers, number of Secretory glands and essential oils content in combination of 6 kg/ha Thiobacillus and 6 l/ha Nitroxine. Also the highest stem length and internode length was observed in 4 kg/ha Thiobacillus and 2 l/ha Nitroxine. The maximum number of inflorescence was recorded in 4 l/ha Nitroxine. However, the maximum inflorescence height was observed in 4 kg/ha Thiobacillus in combination with 6 l/ha Nitroxine. In conclusion, the combination of 6 kg/ha Thiobacillus and 6 l/ha Nitroxine can be recommended to obtain maximum yield and essential oils in this medicinal plant.

To evaluate the effects of drought and foliar micronutrients on yield, protein and oil content of soybeans, Split factorial randomized complete block design with four replications in crop year 2015-2014 was conducted at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad. Stress factor in three levels (control, tension and stress in flowering stage to the stage of pod) as the main factors and the factors at two levels (the M7 and the M9) and foliar application of micronutrients in three levels (non-sprayed, at the stage of flowering and foliar spray at flowering and pod filling stage) factorial trial were considered as secondary factors. The results showed the effects of drought stress, foliar application of micronutrients and the statistical level of 1% and sprayed on the surface of the interaction of drought stress in 5% had significant effect on grain yield. So that the highest grain yield of 3192 kg per hectare with an average normal irrigation and the lowest yield related to stress at flowering stage with an average of 2211 kg per hectare. The highest yield and quality of soybean in non-stress conditions, flowering and pod filling stage and sprayed in two digits (M7) were the most sensitive growth stages of soybean to drought stress is the flowering stage.

In order to evaluate the performance of bread (Triticum aestivum L. ) and durum (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) wheat genotypes under drought stress conditions after anthesis and determination of the most suitable quantitative drought stress tolerance indices, this investigation was performed during 2011-12 and 2012-13 cropping season in Zarghan Agricultural Research Station. A number of 168 wheat lines/cultivars (166 bread wheat and 2 durum wheat) were evaluated in alpha lattice experiment with two replications under stress (no irrigation after anthesis) and full irrigation conditions. Results showed that Seymareh, Roshan and Yecora Rojo cultivars, under full irrigation and Seymareh, Roshan and Kapeti under stress conditions had maximum grain yield. With respect to positive and significant correlation of Harmonic Mean (HARM), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Stress Tolerance index (STI), Mean Productivity (MP), Drought Resistance Index (DI), Yield Index (YI), Modified Stress Tolerance Index for stress (MSTIs) and Modified Stress Tolerance Index for irrigated conditions (MSTIp), with grain yield under stress (Ys) and full irrigation (Yp) conditions, this indices introduced as the best screening criteria in the experiment situations. Screening of drought tolerant genotypes was performed using Mean Rank and Rank standard deviation of selected indices, and Biplot analysis with regard to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Finally, cultivars/lines of Seymareh, Roshan, Kapeti, Akbari and DN11 introduced as the most tolerant genotypes.

In order to evaluate the effect of potassium sulfate nutrition on chlorophyll contentand drought tolerance indexon Mungbean genotypes in the north of Khuzestan Province, this study was conducted in split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 1390 and 1391 at the agricultural Research center south of west Country (Safiabad). The main plot was irrigation after 120, 180 and 240 mm evaporation from pan evaporation (respectively marked I120, I180 and I240), and the subplots were potassium fertilizers with 0, 37. 5 and 75 kg K2O per hectarfrom potassium sulfate(respectively marked F0, F1 and F2) and genotypes (Parto, Hindi and VC6173, Cn95 and KPS1lines ) in a factorial arrangement. The results showed that grain yield in I180 and I240 treatments, reduced 21. 8 and 30. 4 percent respectively in comparison with control treatment(I120). the highest and lowest tolerance to drought stress were allocated to Hindi (0. 83) and KPS1 (0. 47) respectively. Potassium application at the rate of 75 kg/ha in I240 treatment, increased drought tolerance in all genotypes except KPS1. chlorophyllcontent was influenced irrigation regimes, irrigation and genotype, irrigation-fertilizer as well as the interaction of three factors at the of 1% and fertilizer and genotypes at the level of 5%. The overall results showed that Hindi due to high drought tolerance and VC6173 due to shoot standing and high drought tolerance were superior to other varieties.

In order to investige the effects of different levels of fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative yield of sweet corn, an experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012 at Marvdasht, Fars province, Iran. Experimental treatments were including different fertilizer sources 1) 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen, 2) 300 kg ha-1 nitrogen, 3) 8 ton ha-1 poultry manure, 4) 24 ton ha-1 solid waste compost, 5) 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen + 2 ton ha-1 poultry manure, 6) 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen + 4 ton ha-1 poultry manure, 7) 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen + 6 ton ha-1 solid waste compost, 8) 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen + 12 ton ha-1 solid waste compost and 9) control (non-fertilizer). The results indicated that the effects of different fertilizers levels were significant on grain canned yield, fresh forage, biological yield, plant height, length and diameter of ears as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of grain. The highest grain canned yield (931 gr. m-2), fresh forage (2376 gr. m-2) and biological yield (4554 gr. m-2) was obtained from 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen + 4 ton ha-1 poultry manure treatment. Also maximum nitrogen content (2. 27 percent) and phosphorus (0. 42 percent) was observed at 300 kg ha-1 nitrogen and 8 ton ha-1 poultry manure treatments, respectively. The use of organic fertilizer as integrated with chemical fertilizer can be suitable method for decreasing application of chemical fertilizer to increasing the quantity yield and improvement the quality of sweet corn.

Choose plants resistant to salinity at germination stage through in vitro culture are a reliable and economical method in order to select the salt tolerant plant. In this experiment the effect of different concentrations of salinity on mass cumin was investigated., an experiment was carried out in order to study the effect of different salinity levels on Cuminum cyminum varieties in a completely randomized design with three replications. In this paper, effect of: Salinity with five levels 0, 3, 6 and 9 Mm ( NaCl ) and eight varieties of Cuminum cyminum. Cumin variety include: Shiraz, Abadeh, Kerman, Jiroft, Birgand, Sabzevar, Torbat-e-Hydareyhe and Jagarm. Explant plumule produced from seedling vitro culture of Cumin for producing Callus and Subshrub regeneration with contents 1 mgL-1 NAA and 2 mgL-1 kinetin concentrations. Cumin from callus cultures were grown under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effect of salinity. The result showed that all growth indices, economic and biological yield of cumin decreased with increasing salinity levels. Salinity also reduced the percentage of essential oils and k+. highest umbrella numbers per plant, seed numbers per umbrella, economic and biological yields in Kerman and highest percentage of essential oil and content of K+ was in Jiroft. Kerman in saline conditions of biological yields, umbrella numbers per plant was more than other varieties.

Due to growth of peanut seeds inside the soil, determination of proper time for planting and harvesting has special importance. For determination of proper time of maturity with high vigor and yield, an experiment was conducted in two crop years in complete block design in research station of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR). In first and second year the study was performed in five and two planting dates respectively. The Sampling repeats weekly when seed developed in pods and were transferred immediately to the laboratory. Seed germination and moisture content was determined and electrical conductivity test was measured after drying the seeds. Results showed that seed moisture content in final stage, germination percentage, electrical conductivity, seeds filling rate, seed filling period and seedling vigor were significantly affected by planting date. Seeds which planted early had lower moisture content in harvest time and higher germination percentage than seeds which planted late. Different sowing date significantly affected seed yield in the first year, while in the second year delay sowing had no significant effect on total seed yield. Reduce seed filling period in late planting date of first year and facing this period with the end of season rainfall led to significant decrease in seed vigor and quality. Although the data obtained in this study examine just one cultivar in one location and two years, but results suggested between weather parameters, temperature and rainfall during seed filling period had significant effects on peanut seed vigor and yield. So adjusting planting date according to location weather condition could results high quality and vigor seeds in harvest time.

In order to investigate the path analysis of effective traits on durum wheat yield, an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 18 genotypes and four replications in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Lorestan province during 2014– 2015. In Factor analysis, the first factor was named as influencing factor on flag leaf characteristics, the second factor was named as influencing factor on height, and the third factor was named as influencing factors on yield performance. According to results of genetic correlations, biomass yield, straw yield, kernel per spike and spike length had very strong positive correlation with grain yield. According to results of stepwise regression and path analysis, straw yield, kernel per spike and peduncle length entered to the regression model, and so the straw yield had highest and largest direct effect on grain yield. As kernel per spike and straw yield were more important, these traits could be advisable in breeding programs of durum wheat. In present research, bi-plot analysis was used to simultaneous study of traits and discrimination of genotypes related to these traits, and hence, genotypes of Dehdasht, Seimareh, Pod-20 and Alas were introduced as hopefull genotypes for future breeding programs.

Intercropping beside of increasing of yield than sole crops, enhance heterogeneity and biodiversity in agroecosystems. To evaluate yield and productivity indices of Guilan lanrace bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ) intercropping, a field experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014-15 growing season, at Somea-Sara, Iran. The planting ratios were 0: 100, 25: 75, 50: 50, 75: 25 and 100: 0 (bean: sunflower) using replacement method. Intercropping had significant effect on pods per plant and seed yield of bean, and it had significant on plant height, head diameter, heads per plant, 100 seed weight, seeds per head and grain yield of sunflower. The land equivalent ratio (LER) were less than one in 75: 25 and 50: 50 (bean: sunflower) intercropping ratios, while it was equal to 1. 15 in 25: 75 bean-sunflower intercropping ratio, which indicates the intercropping cultivation of beans-sunflower had the highest efficiency by 15%. Sunflower in the planting ratios of 25: 75 and 50: 50 (bean: sunflower) had the highest relative crowding coefficient (RCC), therefore it was a dominant crop and bean had the least RCC and was a reccesive crop. The competitive ratio value (CR) of bean was less than one, which this means that bean was less competitive than sunflower in the intercropping system. It is concluded that sunflower and bean intercropping system have a substantial advantage compared to sole cropping systems and the intercroping ratios of 25: 75 (bean-sunflower) was as superior planting ratio.

To investigate the effect of planting patterns on morphological characteristics of soybean (cv. Villiam) in the competition with weeds, an experiment was carried out in summer of 2010 at the field of Agriculture Research Station of Yasouj University. In this study a split factorial was used based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The main factors were (weedy and weed control) and subplots were row spacing (30, 45 and 60 cm) and soybean plant density (40, 50 and 60 plants m-2). The results showed that plant density and row spacing of soybean had significant effects on plant height, leaf area index, stem diameter and grain yield of soybean. With increasing of density and reduction of row spacing, increased grain yield of soybean, so that among the density different treatments the highest grain yield (240. 6 gr m-2) was obtained from density of 60 plants m-2 and among the treatments of row spacing different the most grain yield (236. 8 gr m-2) was obtained from 30 cm row spacing. Weed morphological characteristics (Lambsquarters and Amaranthus) was significantly affect by the plant density and row spacing of soybean, so that increasing of plant density and reduction of row spacing led to reduction of 22. 7 and 29. 8 percent dry weight of Amaranthus of weeds, respectively. The results, totally showed that changes in soybean planting patterns (plant spacing and row spacing) via effects on plant competitive ability against weed can be used as an cultural and non-chemical method for weed control.

In this paper ecological sustainability of cotton cultivation and factors affecting them during 2014 and 2015 were studied in the villages of Aq-Qala and Ali Abad Katul cities, Golestan province. The statistical community was cotton farmers of the two Regions. One hundred farmers were selected randomly and information about personal and professional characteristics as well as ecological properties of farms were collected through face to face interviews. The results showed that 10 and 41 percent of farms were described as unsustainable and relatively unsustainable, respectively, while only 3 percent of the farms studied were sustainable and 46% were classified as relatively sustainable. Therefore, based on the results, sustainability of the cotton fields investigated in this study was estimated as lower than average. In order to more analyze, factor analysis and stepwise regression were used. The results showed that 14 variables were loaded onto 4 factors and described 58% of total variance. Results of regression analysis showed that the "history of agriculture" affects in the ecological sustainability more than other variables, followed by "organic fertilizer", "weeding frequency" and "yield". The variables "number of irrigation", "amount of pesticide", "literacy level" and "mismanagement of residue" had a negative effect on the stability of the cotton production.

This study was conducted for performance evaluation of AquaCrop model to predict grain yield and biomass of maize genotype SC704 in Lahijan, Iran for two years (2010-2011). The experiment was a randomize complete block based on a split plots design with three replications. Irrigation treatments were in the main plots as main factor in three irrigation levels 6, 12 and 18 days. Nitrogen fertilizer treatments were as sub plots in 4 levels of 0, 120, 180 and 240 kg/ha. Evaluation simulated and measured grain yield and biomass by adjusted coefficient of correlation (R2) and by normalized root mean square errors (RMSEn). Based on results, the average normalized root mean square error of calibration and validation in grain yield prediction for, were calculated 14. 74 and 12. 01 percent, respectively and for biomass, were calculated 10. 31 and 9. 66, respectively. Also, the regression coefficient (R2) of calibration and validation for maize grain yield, were calculated 0. 86 and 0. 80, respectively and for maize biomass, were calculated 0. 92 and 0. 86, respectively. Results indicated that, the AquaCrop model predicted maize grain yield and biomass prediction with an appropriate precision and can determine the optimization strategies for improve the water productivity and nitrogen fertilizer in maize used in Gilan province.

In order to modeling of growth stages and yield of wheat according to Hamedan province meteorological data (minimum and maximum temperature, radiation and rainfall) By using the sub models of phenology, production and distribution of dry matter and leaf area changes in maize studies was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Vali-e-Asr Rafsanjan in spring 2015. The parameters of sub model were estimated according to data from previous researches in Iran and other countries. Daily changes of phenology, harvest Index total dry matter and leaf area was calculated using the model and the yield at the end of season was predicted. One of the criteria to evaluation of a model is Comparison between coefficients of linear regression of observed and predicted yield (b=0. 90± 0. 67 and a=0. 73± 0. 10) and coefficients of line 1: 1 (1, 0). Accuracy of the model related to coefficient of variations of predicted and observed seed yield (CV= 7. 28) was very high so that in field experiments coefficient of variations limit is 20 to 25. R2 quantity of seed yield was 0. 81; showing that the probability for coordination of predicted and observed data is 81 percent. The Root mean square error is the other statistics which is used to evaluation of model accuracy. The Root mean square error of seed yield was 0. 43, which is evidence of accuracy of model for yield prediction. domain variation for observed and predicted data were 4. 08-8. 01 tones and 4. 08-7. 59 tons per hectare respectively and the means were 6. 09 and 5. 53 tones per hectare respectively.

In order to study the effect of seed priming by selenium and foliar applicationon physiological charactristics and Stink buginjurypercentage of Rainfed wheat, a one yearfieldexperiment was carriedbased on randomized complete block design with three replicates at the Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, in Iran during 2014. Twelve treatments were including control, seed priming with distilled water, priming with rates of 1, 2 and 3 mg/L Se alone; and along with spray of distilled water and Se (Sodum Selenite). The results showed that seed priming along with foliar application of distilled water, seed priming with distilled water plus foliar application of Se, seed priming with 3 mg/L Se along with foliar application of Se, increased the relative water content compared with the control. Seed priming with distilled water, foliar application of Se and seed priming with 2 mg/L Se, plus spray of Se decreased electrolyte leakage compared to the control. Foliar application of Se alone and seed priming with 1 mg/L Se plus spray of Se increased Chl a by 31. 4 and 24. 2 % compared to the control, respectively. Seed priming plusspray of Se decreased the Stink buginjury, significantly. The maximum seed yield was recorded for seed priming with 2 mg/L Se plus foliar application of Se. The results suggest that seed priming with distilled water and espicial Se at low amounts along with spray of Se can decrease electrolyte leakage and Stink buginjury percentage under rainfed condition.

Optimal use of agricultural inputs in addition to reducing their losses and satisfy all plant needs will lead to improve plant yield. Hence, in order to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and yield components of some maize cultivars, a split plot experiment was done based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications in the campus of agricultural and natural recourses farm, Razi University, at 2014. Treatments were four levels of nitrogen fertilizer application (40%, 70%, 100% and 140% of the maize demand to nitrogen which based on the amount recommended by soil testis equivalent to 138, 238, 350 and 483 kg. ha-1 urea) as main plots and three common maize cultivars SC 704, BC 678 and Simon as sub plots. The results indicated that nitrogen fertilizer improved number of ear per square meter (12%), number of row per ear (9%), number of grain per row (32%), grain yield (63%) and total dry weight (58%). Simon cultivar had more need to nitrogen fertilizer to achieve maximum yield. Simon cultivar had the most grain yield (19%) than other cultivars. Harvest index was higher for Simon cultivar in fertilizer level of 140% while harvest index for other cultivars reduced by increasing of nitrogen fertilizer application from 40% to 140% of plant demand. Simon cultivar (10467 kg. ha-1) in 140% fertilizer level and SC-704 (8402 kg. ha-1) and BC-678 (8030 kg. ha-1) in 100% fertilizer level had maximum grain yield. In general, our results showed that in the studied region to achieve higher yield, it is better new maize cultivars be cultivated such as Simon.

To evaluate the residual effects of sodium carbonate of irrigation water on barley (Hordeum vulgare) and chemical markers activity, an experiment was carried out in research field of Karaj Islamic Azad University in 2013 with split plot based on Completely randomize blocks design with four replications. In this experiment barely cultivars including Valfajr and Aras were in main plot and different rates of sodium carbonate of irrigation water in four levels (control, 1, 2 and 3 meq lit– 1) were in sub plot. In this experiment the traits such as grain yield, 1000 seed weight and the rate of chemical markers such as malondialdehyde, di tyrosine and di hydroxy guanosine were assayed. The results showed that there was significant difference between sodium carbonate of irrigation water and cultivar treatments at 1% level also mean comparison represent decreased about 41. 3% of grain yield with affected by high rates of sodium carbonate in comparison with control. The results also revealed that the level activity of chemical markers was highly affected by sodium carbonate of irrigation water and caused increasing them. In general, Valfajr identified as more resistant cultivar to sodium of irrigation water. Moreover, the rate of chemical markers can be used in selected resistant cultivars to salinity of irrigation water.

Cations of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium play important roles in adaptation of plant species to arid conditions. The research in 93 years to evaluate the uptake of cations of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium cations such Halocnemum Strobilaceum in Meyghan and compared to the depth ( 0 to 30 cm ) soil samples were analyzed and plant feet in three season ( winter, spring, summer ) was performed. For this purpose, 10 samples from the aboveground plant parts Ha. Strobilaceum and the soil under the plant in three seasons to just completely random sampling was conducted. By transferring the samples to the lab, cations of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium were measured. Finally, using one-way ANOVA was used to examine the significant difference values between samples. The results showed that the highest amount of 4 cations starting in the spring than in winter and summer growing season plants there and vice versa least the same amount of cations in the soil in the spring event, which shows high absorption and herbal Ha. Strobilaceum at the start of the growing season, as well as the cations accumulation of soil in direct connection with the distribution of the species Ha. Strobilaceum there.

In order to evaluate yield and yield components of five short-day onion cultivars and one landrace as influenced by transplant age, was performed an experiment in randomized complete block design as split plot with three replications in Agricultural Research station of Minab, Hormozgan, Iran. The main plot was allocated to transplant age including 50, 60 and 70 days and the sub plot to onion cultivars including GVS 36388, GVS 36612, GVS 36812, Baluchi native cultivar, Primavera and Mineroa. The evaluated characteristics were including length and diameter of bulb, bulb shape index, bulb weight average, weight percent of multi-bulbing and bolting, total and marketable yield. Results showed that the highest marketable yield obtained in Primavera cultivar (34. 503 ton/ha) and the lowest in Baluchi cultivar (16. 107 ton/ha). Generally, 60 days transplant age was better than 50 and 70 days and this superiority completely was obvious in the most characteristics and all cultivars. Beside, Primavera and Mineroa cultivars, with having higher average bulb weight and yield and lower multi-bulbing and bolting, had better relative potential than other cultivars. Totally, according to the bulb production potential of Baluchi cultivar as well as high price of the imported onion cultivars seed and exit foreign exchange from our country, improving undesirable traits of bolting and multi-bulbing in this cultivar can be help to supply desirable seed of this cultivar.