PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY (ARSANJAN BRANCH)
Year:2009 | Volume:1 | Issue:2|Papers Count:8

In Iran, most extension regions growing cereals, suffer from severe salinity. One of the reliable crops for these situations is hull-less barley. Four hull-less barley genotypes (UH3, U46M, EHM81-12 and CM67) were grown in Research Station of Eghlid- Azad- University under salt stress in two years (2005 and 2006). Four salinity treatments (1 (control), 5, 10 and 15 ds/m) were used. The experimental design was a split plot in which salt treatments were arranged as main plots and genotypes as subplots, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the number of spike and grain per plot were reduced significantly by both stresses. Grain weight was less sensitive to stress.Biological and grain yields were decreased by stresses. Among the genotypes UH3 had the lowest and CM67 the highest grain and biological yield. Biological yield differences was related to low plant height, leaves and tillers in the plant and the grain yield differences were caused by reduction in ear per plant and grain per ear. Salinity stress caused decreasing in poly saccharide content. But - IP stress increased sucrose and fructan contents. In general the UH3 genotype showed lowest yield and yield component, stress tolerance index, photosynthesis, growth and ion content and CM67 was in contrast. All the genotypes ranked as non-sensitive to both stresses.

This experiment was conducted in experimental field at Arsanjan Islamic Azad University during 2007-2008 growing season. In this study a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was used. Four levels of density (200, 300, 400 and 500 plants per square meter) and five varieties (Darab, Niknezhad, Marvdasht, Chamran and Shiraz) were used. Densities and five varieties showed significant differences for grain yield but their interaction was not significant. 500 plant per m2 had the highest grain yield among different densities (5678 kgh-1) and also Marvdasht had the highest grain yield among different cultivars (4976 kgh-1).Simple correlations between grain yield and its components (number of grains per spike, number of spikes per square meter and TKW) were calculated at 500 plant per m2 density. Number of spikes per square meter and number of grains per spike had significant positive correlation with grain yield, but TKW had negative correlation with grain yield. Simple correlations were divided to direct and indirect effects using Dewey and Lu method. Path analysis showed that TKW had a positive direct effect on grain yield, but it had negative indirect effects via number of grains per spike and number of spikes per square meter, which caused a negative simple correlation between TKW and grain yield.According to the results of this study, in breeding bread wheat programs, in order to improve grain yield it is better to pay more attention to the number of grains per spike, and number of spikes per m2 than TKW.

In order to evaluate the basis of yield differences and to examine the relationship between accumulation and partitioning or dry-matter and grain yield in10 barley genotypes: Bomi, Torkaman, Eize, Siah, Sahra, 1-yeknavakht, 14G, 11G, 5G and 15G, released by Golestan agriculture research centre, were studied in randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Results showed that early maturity occurred in developmental stages, higher harvest index and grain filling period, were the main reasons for higher yield in genotypes. Higher correlation between total dry-matter and grain yield showed that 14G because of total dry matter than other genotypes had higher grain yield. Result showed total drymatter, leaf area index and harvest index in modem genotypes were higher than old genotypes.

This experiment was carried out in 2008 at experimental field of Arsanjan Islamic Azad university in order to study the effects of chemical and biological fertilizers and interaction between them on some physiological characteristic and yield and its components of com under two different irrigations. The experiment was conducted in a split plot factorial with completely randomized block design using four replications. Sub plots consisted of combined application of urea with two levels (0 and 300 kg.ha-1) and two levels of bio-fertilizer (0 and 4 Lit/ha-1) in four stage that was from 4th leaf appereance until milk stage. Bio-fertilizers were Kadostim, Phosphotern, Aminolephorte and Hyomiphorte. Main plots consisted of two periods of irrigation (8 and 12 days). The results showed that highest grain yield was in conditional application at integrated treatment 300 kg.ha-1 Urea fertilizer and 4 L.ha-1 biological, fertilizer (12.5 t.ha-1) showed 257% increase in comparison control treatment. In this treatment decrease irrigation (12 days period of irrigation) from pollination stage to seed maturity, decreased GY by 8.9%. In drought treatment the highest kernel number per ear and highest 1000 kernel weight was in integrated fertilizer treatment but in 8 days period of irrigation there was no significant difference between integrated treatment and chemical treatment for 1000 kernel weight. The integrated treatment in 8 days period of irrigation showed the highest CGR, NAR and RGR.And decrease 12 days period of irrigation had little effect on these traits but application of chemical fertilizer after decrease irrigation CGR had much reduce trend to compared integrated treatment. In conclusion to reach to high yield in com bio-fertilizer is not sufficient but integrated application of fertilizers (biological and chemical fertilizers) result in significant increase in grain yield.

To achieve higher grain yield in wheat the coincidence of vegetative and reproductive stages of growth with the suitable environmental conditions via selecting appropriate planting date and use of desirable density is crucial. The experiment was conducted during 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 growing season using a spilit plot experiment with four replications. Main plots consisted of three planting dates (November 6th, December 6th and January 6th) and four planting densities (150, 250, 350 and 450 plants/m2) were sub plots. The results showed that planting date had significant effects on grain yield, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per m2 and 1000 grain weight, so the highest grain yield was achieved at second planting date and delay in sowing was associated with significant decrease in grain yield. Number of spike per m2 and 1000 seed weight decreased by delay in sowing. The number of spikes per m2, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, plant height fnd HI were significantly affected by planting densities, so the highest number of spikes per m2 was obtained from the highest planting density (i.e.450 plants/m2), however, the highest number of grains per spike and mean grain weight "ere obtained from the lowest planting density (i.e.150 plants/m2). With increasing plant density, the number of spikes per m2 was the only yield component that increased in all planting dates. Overall, the results revealed that by incrsasing plant densisty in delayed sowing date to some extend grain yield can be comensated.

This research investigates the Asteraceae family genus and species in a region of Arsanjan Irano- Turanian forests.Field survy and sampling the species of the family along lat/lon measuring by GPS has been done in 40.67 ha of a region which is called Kooh Sian that is a hunt forbidden area. The results showed % 55 of species related to tubuliflorae with 5 tribes, 12 genus and 17 species, %26 related to liguliflorae with 2 tribes, 4 sub tribes, 8 genus and 8 species and finally %19 related to radiae with 2 tribes, 4 genus and 6 species. The distribution maps "- showed that the species of radiae and tubuliflorae sub family had wide distribution in the study area that can be ecologically considered as cosmpololitant species because of high potential in seed production, seed morphology and propogation.

Today, the use of crop residues has specific importance in agriculture. Preserving crop residue on soil can produce chemicals that inhibit other crop growth. In order to determine the inhibitory effects of safflower residues, water extract of safflower residues at concentration of 0, 15, 30 and 60% were evaluated on germination and seedling growth of wheat, com, wild mustard and saffron thistle.The results showed that by increasing concentration of residue extract, germination, shoot and root growth in all of the plants were reduced with an exception of saffron thistle. III concentration of 60% com, wheat and wild mustard affected significantly.Among plants wild mustard and saffron thistle showed highest and lowest sensitivity to residue extract respectively. Among traits root growth showed higher sensitivity than shoot growth and germination to saff10wer residue. These results implied that allelopathic potential of safflower residues can be used in weed management and in crop rotation sensitive crop must be sown after appropriate period of time.

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) is one of the most sensitive species of citrus to salinity of soil and water, under such conditions, drastic reduction of both vegetative and yield occur. The present study was conducted in the greenhouse, using a compeletly randomized design with factorial arrangment to evaluate the effect of NaCI induced salinity. (0, 20, 40 and 60 Mmol/lit NaCl) and different rootstocks namely: Sour orange (C. aurantium), _Mexican lime (C. aurantifolia), Volkameriana (C. volkameriana) and Bakraii (C. reticulata x C. limetta) on concetration of macro elements and sodium in Valencia orange shoots. The results showed that rootstocks had significant effect on concentration of macro elements and sodium in shoot of sweet orange in comparision with control under salinity treatments. In general, salinity had less effects on concentration of measured elements especially in the case of potassium and sodium in Valencia orange shoots, on Volkameriana and Bakraei rootstocks than other rootstocks.