IRANIAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND PLANT BREEDING
Year:2008 | Volume:4 | Issue:2|Papers Count:9

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different plant densities on yield and yield components of two sunflower cultivars at Agricultural Research station of Khoy in summer.2005 The experiment was done in Split Plot as a complete block design with four replications. The varieties were chosen as the main polt in 2 levels(Master and CMS26 xR103) and plant density in 4 levels 71000, 57000, 48000 and (95000 plant per hectare) were chosen as a sub plot. Results showed that Master due to have some good plants traits including, more diameter, grain number, thousand grain weight, oil yield, oil percent and harvest index rather than to CMS was better. Average grain yield in CMS and Master was 4291, 3991 kg/ha respectively. There was significant difference in 5% level between two cultivars only, grain yield and oil yield. but the gutted traits were affected by plant density. Density had significant in 5% level effects the grain yield, plant high, and stem diameter and oil content. Also density had significant effect at 1% level of probability on head diameter and harvest index despite to increasing plant density, the oil content increased but in this experiment, and oil content was shown significant difference at 5% level of probability oil percent wasn’t significant by cultivar and density. The whole average of oil percentage was 41.6 and 43.5 in CMS26 x R103 and Master, respectively. According to results, it’s recommend to planting Master in Khoy situation in density of 95000 plants per hectare.

Estimation of genetic diversity, combining ability and heterosis of maize inbred lines for breeding aims are very important and would determine breeding strategies. In order to combining ability estimation of Iranian corn inbred lines using diallel method, 14 Corn inbred lines cross according diallel scheme. Parents and their hybrids which contain 105 different genotypes evaluated at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, using Randomized Complete Block design with three replications in 2007. Results indicating that Significant (p<0.01) differences were observed among the genotypes for all the studied traits, therefore Griffing’s method 2, model 1 was chosen for subsequent diallel analysis. Number kernel per row, grain yield and ear length had the highest average heterosis. Results indicated that for number of kernel row per ear, 100 seed weight, cob percent and kernel moisture percent additive gene effects were more important than the non additive ones, but for grain yield, plant height, ear height, ear diameter, number of kernel per row and number of kernel per ear non additive gene effects were more important than the additive ones. For ear length and kernel weight per ear, importance of additive and non additive gene effects was the same. Among parents, the K3615/2 and K166B lines have the highest grain yield (9.07 and 9.06 respectively). From hybrids, K3653/2 × K18, K18 × K166B and K3615/2 × K3653/2 have the highest grain yield (13.40, 13.23 and 12.65 ton/ha respectively). The best general combinator for yield was lines K166B, K3615/2 and K3653/2. The highest specific combining ability and mid-parent heterosis for yield was observed in K18 × K3653/2 and A679 × K3544/1 crosses.

In our country, we use No3 fertilizer which the continuation of this procedure is against the sustainable agricultural fundamentals, on one hand, high expense of NO3 and on the other hand the, the inappropriate effects of these fertilizes on the environment represent the importance of the use of biologic fertilizes. In case of plenty Bradyrhizobium Japonicum, soybean plant can meet most of its needs to NO3. So, in order to determine the most proper strain for the soybean through a test in the summer 1385 (2006) in Safi Abad Research Center in completely random blocks in a factorial for four replication. In this experiment, we used two factors. Bacteria and the level of copulation consumption. Bacteria were as follows: 1- Histick 2- RS146 3- RS117 4- The bacteria made by water and soil research center institute. The levels of bacteria consumption in two levels were: 1- 125g copulation material in 50 kg of seed (the regular level in the region). 2- 250g copulation material in 50 kg of seed. The bacteria were copulated with the soybean a little before the plantation of the seeds. The control treatments were consisting of: 1. No3 treatment during the growth season was 200 kg per hectare. 2. zero treatment which no copulation. The result represented that the treatment had no meaningful discrepancy in the nodules. But the nodules weight in a4b2, a4b1 represented a significant discrepancy of 184 and 193 mg in each plant more than the others (RS 117 bacteria strain). Also the percentage of the soybean leaf No3, soybean seed No3, protein percentage and the related factors with the yield such as height, leaf area index and the number of the pods per plant in RS117 strain were 3.47%. 7.46%, 37.85%, 94.5cm, 4.93 and 71.2 pods, showed a significant discrepancy in one percent area. The oil percent in the treatment a0b0 or zero treatment (with the least leave and seed No3) showed the highest level (20.37). this is because of the Antagonist relationship between the oil percent and soybean protein. The results show that the RS117 strain bacteria have shown a proper adjacency with the host plant. Because of this proper relationship, the a4b2 treatment with 3450kg seed per hectar, 1305.8kg protein per hectare and 703.3kg oil per hectare got the highest yields. Besides, the level of copulation consumption showed no significant discrepancy between the treatments. So, it seems that the RS117 bacteria strain can be used in the north of Khuzestan to copulate the soybean and can expect a proper yield.

In order to investigate the effect of sowing time and plant density on yield and yield components of safflower (Cultivar Flip 84 - 48c); a field experiment was carried out in 2005. The experimental design was factorial on basis of randomized complete block design with four replications at farm of Dorood and Faraman (Kermanshah). There were two factors; the Sowing time (T) in three levels (6; 21 November and 6 December) and the planting density or Plant distance on planting rows (D) in three level (5, 10 and 15 cm) were considered. The results of experiment showed that there are significant differences at %1 level for sowing time and planting density effects on plant height, number of branch per plant, distance between 1st branch to soil, number of Capitulum per plant, number of seed per plant, biological yield and seed yield. Interaction effect of plant density and sowing time on the number of seed per Capitulum and the Capitulum per plant at %5 and number of branch number per plant and seed and biological yield showed significant difference at %1. First sowing time (6 November) showed maximum plant height (77.33 cm), and increase in plat desity gained to maximum amounth of this character (81.0 cm). Maximum and minimum amount of pod per plant coducted for (T1) 6 Desember (11.7) and 15 cm plant distance on rows (15.67). Interaction effects of experimental factors showed that, T2D2 with 1266 Kg/ha and T3D3 with 364.5 Kg/ha had maximum and minimum amounts of seed yield. Therefore conducted that increase in plant distance to 15 cm and earlier sowing time because of increase in branch number per plant and Capitulum number per plant produced highest amount of seed per plant and seed yield.

This research was carried out to determine the optimum sowing date for two different sunflower varieties in Islamic Azad University, Saveh branch, Agriculture faculty. The field trials including three sowing dates (15 jun, 30 jun, 15 July) and two cultivars were performed under irrigated conditions in 2007. The trial was conducted using a randomized complete block, split spilt plot design with four replications. Result indicated that the effect of sowing date found to be significant (p<0.01) in most of all analyzed component. The highest Grain yield (3797 kg/hec) was achieved from the first sowing date. As a result it was determined that the optimum sowing date for the achievement of maximum yield of sunflower varieties was 15 july in Saveh.

In order to evaluate the effect of potassium application under drought stress on quantitative characteristics and root penetration of corn, sorghum and millet, this research was conducted at Iran in 2005. The experimental design was a factorial on the of basis completely randomized block design with three replicates. The factors studied were application and non-application of potassium (0 and 200 kg/ha), crop plants (corn, sorghum and millet) and irrigation. Irrigation was evaluated under RWC >95% (non-drought stress conditions) and irrigation under RWC=60-70% (drought stress conditions). We noticed, however K fertilizer significantly increased the kernel growth rate, root penetration, kernel yield, biological yield and kernel thousand weights of plants. Although the non-drought stress treatment significantly increased upon characteristics and highest root penetration of corn was achieved under this conditions, while the highest roots penetration of sorghum and millet were achieved under the drought stress conditions. K application was reduced the damaging effects of drought stress and significantly increased depth of root penetration under the drought stress conditions whole of plants. Findings may consider farmers and agricultural researches to consider carefully on huge among of soil potassium with interaction to water restriction as a challenge in environmental issues.

Chloro dialkylamino s-Triazine (Atrazine) is one of the important derivatives of Triazine herbicides family. This compound has a high herbicidal effect and low toxicity for human and useful for some of the plants, especially, corn, pineapple, and sugar cane. This compound was previously synthesized in some of the organic solvents, for example, Chlorobenzene, Dioxane, Acetone and etc, but in our method, it was synthesized with high yield and purity in water as solvent. In fact, in this method, all of the pollution of using organic solvents was removed and water replaced as solvent. In this reaction by application of good emulsifier, Cyanuric chloride was dissolved in water and reacted with alkylamino derivatives for production of it with high yield (95%) and purity (94%).

In order to determination most important traits affecting grain and biological yield of two com hybrids under different treatment of drought stress and irrigation method, a field experiment was conducted similarly in 2006 and 2007, at agricultural research farm of Karaj Islamic Azad University (35o43' N latitude, 50o56' E longitude, 1160 m altitude). The experiments were laid out in factorial-split plot using randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots consisted drought treatments which were the plant irrigation after 40%, 60% and 75% available water loss and irrigation methods in 2 levels (Irrigation of all furrows and irrigation furrows alternately). Two com hybrids (SC704 and SC647) also used as a sub plot treatments. There was significant correlation between grain yield and biomass, cob yield in m2, grain weight, grain number in cob row, grain number in cob, plant height and also inoculated part of cob negatively. Results of stepwise regression revealed that inoculated part of cob, grain number in cob, row number in cob, cob number in m2 and cob yield in m2 were important components in grain yield. But important components in biological yield were plant height, grain number in cob row and cob yield in m2. Results of path analysis showed that inoculated part of cob had the most direct effect (-0.523) on grain yield. Other components had the most indirect effects on grain yield by inoculated part of cob. Plant height had the most direct effect (0.917) on biological yield. Other components had the most indirect effects on biological yield by plant height. In general, inoculated part of cob and grain number in cob were the most important components in grain yield and plant height was the most important component in biological yield.