IRANIAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND PLANT BREEDING
Year:2013 | Volume:9 | Issue:1|Papers Count:10

Tension of drought on the ion profile of stamen of wheat. Drought is one of the most important factors to limit the successful production of agricultural crops in all over the world and is a decreasing factor. In order to study the drought tension two kinds of wheat were selected (Roshan wheat and Pishtaz wheat) and three level of watering were selected once every 7days,once every 14 days, stopping watering at the time of flowering. A split plot plan in the form of completely random blocks with 4 times repetition was performed in a private farm in Damghan in the farming year 1388- 1389- the results show that the drought tension except about the weight of stem and in a cluster has had cansiderabv meaning on the other variants of the study such as (function, number of cluster, grain in cluster, weight of the weight of cluster, biomass, harvest index) but the kind variant couldn’t have any effective influence on any characteristic of manners studied. This subject can express that in tension drought the mentioned manvers can be applied can be used as distingtive maners. Also considering the area tension condition and pay attention to this point that there is no difference tween rashan wheat and pishtaz wheat both can be suggested for farming exactly the sawe. The results also express this subject that the different levels couldn’t make different of amount of nitrate, MN (301.1), MG (.3612), CA (17.58) of stawen. But about the elements like sodium (1479.2), potassium (5.237), florid, chloride, bromide, estate - phosphate sulphate, and soksinat in high statistical level of I percant has made differences in the cantents of staten. This point can show amphasi on in terferamce of such elements on undergoing draught tension and considering the role of these elements in physiology of plant can be used in knowing the processes inther fering in drought tension.

To study sowing date, and rate of Nitrogen effect on yield and yield components of Oilseed radish (Raphanussativus L.) this experiment has been done in Karaj. This experiment carried out in strip plot in the basis of randomized complete block design with 3 replications. In this design, the vertical Plots were in three levels, 20 July, 8 August, and 6 September and horizontal plots with various rates of nitrogen had 4 levels,0, 60, 100, and 140 kg.ha-1 in pure nitrogen from source of urea. The results of measurements of yield and yield components of plant show that the sowing date in 1% probability has a significant effect on shoot dry weight and in 5% probability it has, significant effect on leaf dry weight. And even has a significant effect on weight of inflorescence, root too shoot ration and vegetative to reproductive ration. This effect was too much so that 8 August sowing date from other treats has the most weight of shoot dry that we measured leaf and vegetative to reproductive ration as 383.584 , 220.932, 4.702 respectively that leaf dry weight with sowing date of 6 September state in a statistic group. The most ration of root to shoot dry weight was relative to 6 September sowing date with 0.560 gr.m-2. The nitrogen factor on 5% probability level has just effect on dry material of inflorescence so that the most rate was belongs to treat control and 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. Altogether, The reproductive members have increased with Nitrogen application. In general, the maximum rate of dry material of whole plant belonged to 8 August sowing date with 523.712 gr.m-2 among nitrogen’s treats, either applying 60 kg.ha-1 nitrogen, 489.102 gr.m-2 and spending nitrogen up to 140 kg.ha-1 level, 488.160 gr.m-2 was added to dry material of whole plant that of course these factors didn’t showed a significant effect.

selecting the cold resistance in plants specially cereals, always had been the important goals for plant breeding and physiology specialists. In order to evaluate the effect of low temperatures on germination of wheat, an experiment conducted on college of agriculture of IAU- Karaj Branch at year 2010-2011. In experiment the effect of different temperatures of germination properties was evaluated. four replications which experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design which its main factor was temperature including 3, 6, 9 and 20oC and 15 wheat cultivar were secondary factor. Results showed that decreasing temperature from 20 to 9, 6 and 3oC significantly decreased germination rate coefficient, final germination percent, mean daily germination, seedling length, length and weight indexes of seedling vigor and significantly increased daily germination rate. At low temperatures final germination percent, mean daily germination, seedling length, and length and weight indexes of seedling vigor of Sardari 101 cultivar was significantly higher that other cultivars. Daily germination rate of Sardari 101 and Sardari cultivars significantly decreased compared to other cultivars. Results showed that such traits which effective in germination and seedling establishing in low temperature conditions, could be the important cold resistance mechanisms in wheat and could be used for improving the cold resistance.

Drought stress is one of major cause of yield and yield components reduction, so in order to evaluate drought tolerance in wheat cultivars using susceptibility and tolerance stress indexes, an experiment was carried out in strip-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2005 in Karaj region. In this experiment four irrigation levels (control (a1), mild stress (a2), moderate stress (a3), high stress (a4)) and eleven cultivars were levels of horizontal and vertical factors, respectively. In this experiment line source sprinkler was applied to irrigate cultivars, so amount of water used for each treatments were: (a1=5700 cubic meters, a2=4500 cubic meters, a3=3000 cubic meters, a4=2100 cubic meters). By using mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index(STI), stress Susceptibility Index (SSI) and tolerance (TOL) indexes, drought tolerance and drought resistance of cultivars were evaluated and results showed that there were positive correlations between MP, GMP, STI indexes with yield potential(Yp) and yield under stress conditions. therefore these indexes can be used to identify tolerant genotypes. Finally two-D plots used to classify cultivars into four groups and display that Sardari and Azadr2 cultivars had higher yield than others in both conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of saline irrigation on the percentage and yield of safflower oil, the experimental in 2011 in Field research at the Azad University Shahr_Qods Banch was performed. The experiment was performed a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors were included four levels of irrigation water with electrical conductivity (0, 6, 12, 14 ds/m) in main plots and three varieties of safflower (kouse, PI and IL111) in sub plots. The results of the experiments shown the highest seed oil percentage with a 42.21 percent of the first level of the water supply ie common water with electrical conductivity (EC=0 ds/m) were obtained. Also the highest percentage of oil in varieties of kouse with 40.73 percent obtained. the highest oil yield, with 952.89 kg/ha from of the common water with electrical conductivity (EC=0 ds/m) were obtained. between varieties the highest oil yield in varieties of kouse with 846.57 kg/ha obtained.

In order to investigate the effect of Azotobacter and Azospirillum bacteria and Mycorrhiza fungus on the on yield and essential oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), a field experiment was conducted during growing season of 2012. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Treatments included: (A) Azotobacter paspali, (B) Azospirillum brasilense, (C) the fungus of Glomus intraradaices, C+A, C+B, A+B, A+B+C, and control without using bio-fertilizers. The Arabic resin was applied to increase the adherence of Mycorrhiza to seeds. In all treatments except control, the amounts of 15 mg of each bio-fertilizer were applied for 110 g of seeds. The results showed biofertilizers did not have significant effects on percentage of oil of Fennel grains but increased grain yield, biological yield and essential oil yield compared with control. The maximum grain yield was observed in Azospirillum+Mycorrhiza treatment. The highest and lowest essential oil yield was observed in B+C (26.95) and control (16.25) treatments, respectively. The highest and the lowest harvest index were observed in control and A+B+C treatments, respectively.

In order to genetic transformation of Zea mays using DREB1A gene for tolerance to abiotic stresses, recombinant Binary vector (pCRDREB) was constructed at first stage. To produce a binary vector containing the DREB1A gene, the 651 bp fragment which had been cloned in pTZ57R vector, was digested with EcoRI and then subcloned into the homologous site of the pUC18 cloning vector. Subsequently, The 910 bp fragment of rd29A promoter from Arabidopsis and the 260 bp fragment of NOS terminator from pBI121 binary vector were amplified by PCR and specific primers Then PCR products of rd29A and nos were digested with HindIII, XbaI and also EcoRI and PstI, respectively. Then, they were cloned into the pUC18-DREB cloning vector. Rd-DREB-nos Gene-cassette were digested with EcoRI and HindIII, prior to subcloning into the homologous sites of the pCAMBIA3300 binary vector. Zea mays (A188, S61 and B73 var) were used in this study and they were planted in vases. Ears were harvested 10–14 days after pollination when they reached 1-2mm long. After they sterilized, immature zygotic embryos from the harvested cobs were cultured on pre-culture medium (N6P) for four days. Embryos were subjected to osmoticum treatment (N6Y) 3h before bombardment. DREB1A gene was bombarded to the target tissue using the biolistic gun. Secondary embryos were transferred on N6 Rest medium for a period of seven days and afterwards they were delivered to selective media containing PPT. Resistant call cultured on the regenerating and germinating media and plantlets removed to rooting medium. Finally genomic DNA was extracted from maize transformants. The presence of the bar (Herbicide resistant) and DREB1A (resistance to abiotic stresses) genes was confirmed by PCR analysis.

This study was carried out in 2003 in Karaj region to evaluate the effect of planting date and plant density on yield , yield component and oil percentage of fall rape oil seed cultivar (okapi). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized split - block design with planting date (16 sep, 27 sep , 8 Oct and 18 Oct ) as main plots and plant density (60, 80, 100and120 plant per square meter) as subplots. All treatments were replicated four times. Characteristics such as: plant’s height, number of branches, Dry matter and leaf area index (LAI) during growing season and pod length, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, seed yield and oil percentage after harvesting were recorded and statistically analyzed. The results showed that there was a significant difference between all planting dates except for oil percentage and number of seed per pod, which the first and the second planting dates (16 sep and 27 sep) were the same and were superior than the third and the fourth planting dates (8 Oct and18 Oct ). Also the results showed that a significant difference between all treatments of plant density which the first and the second plant densities (60 and 80 p/m2) were the same and were better than the others. Interaction effect of planting date and plant density statistically were significant for plant height and number of pod per plant. Finally it is recommended that for this region and other similar regions superior cultivars be planted at optimum planting dates (16 Sep to27 Sep) and plant densities (60 and 80 p/m2) in order to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of oil seed rape.