IRANIAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND PLANT BREEDING
Year:2013 | Volume:8 | Issue:4|Papers Count:17

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) needs nitrogen in different stages of growth. Timing and amount of nitrogen applied is very important in nitrogen management. As nitrogen leaching is very hazardous to the environment it must be controlled. Nitrogen has the essential role of increasing the yeild and quality of wheat. Numerous experiments have been conducted in different parts of the world to observe the best time of nitrogen application. Most previous studies have shown that foliar application at flowering (zadok 75) increases the grain protein concentration (GPC) of wheat. In this experiment foliar application at tillering and flowering was compared to the conventional methods that the farmer used. Increasing the yield, quality and reducing the use of nitrogen fertilisers were the main objectives of this experiment. The experiment had a complete randomized block design with six fertiliser treatments and four replications. The six fertiliser teatments were: T1=no N (control), T2=split N application (1.3 at sowing, 1.3 at tillering and 1.3 at flowering), T3=1.3 at sowing+foliar application at tillering +1.3 at flowering, T4=1.3 at sowing +1.3 at tillering+foliar application at flowering, T5=1.3 at sowing+foliar application at tillering+1.3 and foliar application at flowering, T6=1.3 at sowing+1.3 and foliar application at tillering and also foliar application at flowering. The amount of N-P-K and micronutrient applied was based on soil test. The amount of N fertiliser was 300 kg/ha splited at sowing, tillering and flowering in equal amounts. In foliar application 10 kg/ha of urea was used. At maturity the plants were harvested for measuring the yield and quality of wheat. The first year result showed that the grain yield was high in all nitrogen treatments compared with control. The highest grain yield (4.844 ton/ha) went to the T6 treatment in which 2.3of nitrogen was splitted at sowing and tillering and foliar application was used at tillering and flowering. Also the highest GPC (13.58%) was from the T5 treatment and there was a significant different compared with control. In the second year the highest grain yield(8.458 ton/ha) obtain from T4 treatment and most grain protein (13.72) went to T2 treatment. In the third year the highest grain yield (5.031 ton/ha) and highest grain protein percentage (13.31) obtained from T3 and T5 respectively. With considering the average result from 3 years experiment and the amount of nitrogen use it can be concluded that nitrogen application at sowing and tillering combined with foliar application at tillering and flowering increases the yield , quality of wheat and reduces the amount of N fertiliser.

In order to Study dry weight of broomrape, yield and yield components of potato to sowing date and application of herbicide, an experiment was carried out in Moradi filed in 5 kilometer of road Arak-Farahan in 2010. Experimental design was spilt plot based on complete randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were consisted of two sowing date of 15 and 30 July were in main plot and herbicide at seven levels including of control, Rimsolfuron as foliar application and water soluble at rate of 45g ha-1, Sulfosulfuron as foliar application and water soluble at rate of 35g ha-1, Glyphosate at the rate of 75 and 100 ml ha-1 were situated in sub plots. Herbicides of mentioned used at 20, 30, 40 and 50 day after emergence. Results showed that number of plant broomrape reduced by 2.74% with change of sowing date from 5 May to 20 May. Interaction effect of treatment showed that maximum of number of plant broomrape equal 7.5 plant. m-2 was obtained from 5May at control, also minimum of of number of plant broomrape equal 2.25 plant. m-2 was obtained treatments of Sulfosulfron of water soluble, Glyfosit 100 ml at sowing date 5 May, Also Rimsolfuron water soluble and Glyfosit 100 ml at sowing date 20 May. Application of herbicide at 5 May and 20 May decreased height plant broomrape. Minimum of height plant broomrape was obtained from Glyfosit 100 and 75 ml at 5 May and 20 May, respectively. Changes of sowing date from 5 May to 20 May yield tuber increased by 25.5%. Interaction effects treatments showed that, the highest yield tuber equal 38342.80 kg ha-1 as obtained Sulfosulfron of water soluble in sowing date of 20 May.

The aim of this research is study the effect of drought stress on yield components, harvest index and total biomass of Sesame in Safi Abad agriculture research center in summer 2005. In this study five cultivars named Darab14, TS-3, Yellow-White, Panama and Varamin 2822 were compared in two randomized complete designs, each design included three replications and five plots, one block for treating the drought stress and second for staying in normal irrigated condition. The result showed, executed drought tension on cultivars was effective in 5% probability level. In this case the sensitive cultivars (like Panama, TS-3 and Varamin 2822) showed more yield decline. Although the comparison of cultivars, showed no differences in drought stress and normal irrigation terms in some traits like Capsule’s length. Based on the results of the research Darab14 has the highest yield production stability in stress condition and has lower yield production in suitable irrigation condition in comparison to TS-3. So we can recommend Darab14 as the most proper variety in this study. Also Panama, Varamin2822 and Yellow-White did not have essential factors as a proper variety in drought stress terms.

In order to evaluate of simulation model CROPGRO-Soybean in DSSAT software on yield and yield component of soybean (cv. Wiliams) in different sowing date in research field of Azad university of Karaj branch, Iran a experiment carry out in shape of split plot in based of randomized complete block design with four replications, in 2009. In this experiment investigated some traits such grain yield (GY), biomass (B) and harvest index (HI) for soybean cv. Wiliams. According to simulation results, model simulated biomass at 20 after planting to final growth duration and grain yield in fruit set stage to harvest successfully, but for HI because created less Wilmot coefficient (d) (0.60) was not successfully. Model predicted GY with high precise in four sowing date d>0.66 successfully. For GY variation dimension of R2 in four sowing date calculated, 0.985, 0.966, 0.920 and 0.851 respectively. This results showed that model can be obtained high correlation coefficient among predicted versus observed for GY data. Also for B variation dimension of R2 in four sowing date calculated, 0.889, 0.986, 0.909 and 0.796 respectively. As in based on statistical viewpoint was significant (P<1%). Therefore we can used model after calibration its with the more replication of experiment and reduce of measured error, for research objectives and management decision making under climate Karaj condition.

Annually new cultivars of Chrysanthemum developed for purposes cut flowers, garden plants and potted flowering plants that cut flower and pot plant have high economic value. In this study, quantitative and qualitative characters were measured. Results showed relatively high variability in studied characters. Results of simple correlation analysis revealed significant negative correlations among flower head type and plant height. Principle component analysis revealed 2 independent factors that contributed to 59.337 of total variances. The first factor was described 35.319 values of total variance and involved plant height and flower head type. In cluster analysis cultivars divided to three main groups. According these results, new breeding chrysanthemum cultivars have considerable genetic diversity and a valuable source for research breeding.

In order to determine phenological and physiological traits affecting high grain yield in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), relation of between them with yield and yield components were investigated. This study was conducted by using of eight rapeseed cultivars including Okapi, Amika, Orient, Zarfam, Sarigol, Talayeh, Hayola308 and Hayola401 in randomized complete blocks design with four replication at research farm of Islamic Azad University, Pars Abad Moghan Branch in 2009-2010. The cultivars had significant differences and were divided into three groups based on grain yield: high (Hyola401), medium (Amica, Zarfam, Sarigol, Talayeh, and Hyola308) and low yielding cultivars (Okapi and Orient). The cultivars especially high yielding cultivar and low yielding cultivars had significant differences in biological yield, harvest index, grain filling rate and length of flowering stage, pod number per plant and grain number per pod traits. Traits also had significant correlation with grain yield. Days to physiological maturity exhibited a negative correlation with grain yield. Traits such as grain filling period, total biomass in flowering stage and 1000-grain weight were not significantly related to grain yield.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate 15 sugar beet genotypes under normal and drought conditions based on completely randomized block design as split plot design with 4 replication in sugar beet seed institute in 1385.Main plots were irrigation treatments and subplots were genotypes. Results showed maximum SOD activity in drought treatment with 1796.48 (U/mg protein) and minimum activity in normal condition with 967.24 (U/mg protein) activity. There was no significant difference among genotypes for this enzymes. Correlation between antioxidant enzymes and root yield was significant and negative. Maximum activity of CAT observed in drought treatment (111.9 (U/mg protein) and minimum activity observed in normal treatment (82.64 U/mg protein). Maximum amount of MDA was 54.27 (nm/mg protein) and minimum amount was 30.52 (nm/mg protein). There was negative correlation between MDA and root yield. Maximum protein degredation observed in drought treatment(15.49 nm/mg protein) and minimum degredation obtained in normal condition (12.47 nm/mg protein). There was a positive correlation between dityrozine and SOD, CAT and GPX. There was a negative correlation between dityrozine and root yield. There was also a negative but not significant correlation between dihydroxygoanozine and SOD, CAT. There was significant differences in irrigation treatments for root yield. There was 35.1% improvement in normal condition in compare with drought treatment. There was significant difference among genotypes for white sugar yield. Irrigation treatments had significant effects in white sugar percent. White sugar percent increased under drought condition about 58.86% in compare with normal condition.

Dry and the stress resulting from factors that are important to agricultural production in restricted areas and yields of dry reduce. Irrigation factor at two levels includes a1: control, a2: cut irrigation after flowering stage anol the second experimental treatment at the five levels includes b1: control, b2: seed inoculated with bacteria (Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonase), b3: seed inoculated with bacteria (Azospirillum, Azotobacter Pseudomonase) and sprayed silicic acids, b4: seed inoculated with bacteria (Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonase) and sprayed amino acids, b5: seed inoculated with bacteria (Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonase) and sprayed silicic acids with amino acids in randomized complete blocks design with four replicates using analysis of split plot. Analysis of variance showed that the biochemical biomarkers in the 1 percent level is significant, so that the highest levels of malondialdehede, dityrosine and dihydroxy guanosine related to cut irrigation after flowering. effect second experimental treatment that the biochemical biomarkers in the 1 percent level is significant and highest levels of Biochemical biomarkers related to control and lowest levels belonged to seed inoculated with bacteria and sprayed silicic acids with amino acids, while the interactions between level irrigation and the second experimental treatment showed that the lowest levels of malondialdehede and dityrosine belonged to normal irrigation and seed inoculated with bacteria and sprayed silicic acid with amino acids (77.8 and 21.1 mmol /g protein), respectively, while the lowest levels of dihydroxy guanosine (10.33 mmol/ g protein) belonged to normal irrigation and seed inoculated with bacteria and sprayed silicic acid respectively. The results of this experiment can be inferred that the plant growth promoting bacteria associated with spraying silicic acid and amino acids in increased tolerance to drought stress in wheat because of lower production resulting the Biochemical biomarkers there by reducing the oxidative damage caused by active oxygen speices that are under drought stress.

In order to investigation of physiological respect of water deficit on important traits in fourteen sugar beet genotypes two experiments conducted in form of split plot in based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in 2009 and 2010. This experiment conducted in researches institute breeding and sugar beet production placed in Karaj, Kamal shahr (latitude 35, 59 North and longitude 50, 75 East with 1313 m upper sea level). Irrigation levels in this experiment include two level S1: Normal irrigation (Irrigation time after 80 mm evaporation of pan class A) and S2: Water deficit (Irrigation time after 180 mm evaporation of pan class A) that applied by ways of turning irrigation. Irrigation practical started at planting till full plant standing (Six-eight leaf stages) were similar for all of treatments and then after irrigation applied in based on evaporation of pan (class A). Irrigation effects on pure sugar yield and pure sugar percent at p<0.01 was significant. Interaction effects of year per irrigation expect root yield on other traits were significant. Effects of cultivar were significant on pure sugar percent, sodium at p<0.01 and potassium at p<0.05. Effect of cultivar per years on pure sugar percent was significant lonely. Highest root yield in normal condition was due to SBSIDR-1 and SBSIDR-14 cultivars and lowest its rate in stress condition was due to SBSIDR-2. Also in stress condition highest root yield showed in SBSIDR-5 and SBSIDR-14 and lowest its rate in SBSIDR-2. Also lowest of pure sugar yield production showed in normal condition and in SBSIDR-1 and SBSIDR-2 cultivars. Highest sodium rate produced in SBSIDR-4 cv. as relate to SBSIDR-5 cv. (with lowest sodium) differed 57.14 percent. Also highest potassium percent produced due to SBSIDR-11 cv. and lowest its rate due to SBSIDR-3cv.

In order to study effect of sowing date and micronutrient application on yield and yield components of two rapeseed Calitivars cropping season 2011-2012 a split factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in the city Malayer. The trial date implant as a major factor in both the S1 (2011/09/27) and S2 (2011/10/07) in the main plots and micronutrient M1 (the lack of micronutrient elements),M2(consumption of micronutrient elements in 3 Steps) and two rapseed varieties V1 (Okapi), V2 (Talaye) of the sub-plots were a factorial. The results showed that the levels of micronutrients on traits such as seed number per pod,1000 cernel weight, biological yield pod, pod length, grain yield and oil yield was significant at the one percent level. Also, plant height, stem diameter, biological yield, number of pods per plant and harvest index were significantly five percent. Planting date on attributes such as number of pods per plant and pod length were significant at the five percent level. At the micronutrient level, with an average maximum yield of seed 4514.80 (kg/ha) micronutrient treatment was used. The highest yield of seed in different planting dates averaged 4142.80(kg/ha) from the second planting date (2011/10/07), respectively Similarly, the effects of combination of the highest and lowest average yield 4804.80 and 3779.00 (kg/ha) respectively the first and second planting date and planting date and micronutrient intake and was not micronutrient intake.

Response of four varieties of sunflower to NaCl salinity at germination and early seedling growth was investigated. The experiment was conducted according to completely randomized design as factorial with two factors and four replications in Biotechnology Laboratory, Islamic Azad University- Karaj Branch. First factor including four varieties of sunflower: Azargol, Euroflor, Megasun, Hisun and second factor including salinity at five levels consisting of 0, -0.3, -0.5, -1, -1.5 MPa were used. Results revealed that the effect of variety for all the traits was significant. Effect of salinity on shoot fresh and dry weight, seedling dry weight was significant and for radicle fresh and dry weight, seedling fresh weight, germination percentage and germination rate, plumule and radicle lengths, radicle length/plumule length ratio and seed vigor was significant. Also, variety and salinity interaction on plumule dry weight, radicle fresh and dry weight was significant was significant and for plumule and seedling fresh weight, plumule and radicle lengths, radicle length/plumule length ratio and seed vigor was significant. All the traits were decreased when the salinity levels were increased. Mean comparison showed that the highest value of plumule and seedling dry weight, plumule, radicle and seedling fresh weight and radicle length was recorded for Hisun variety. Furthermore, maximum percentage and rate of germination and radicle length/plumule length ratio was observed for Eurofloe variety. In addition, Azargol variety had the highest value of radicle dry weight, radicle length and seed vigor.

There are no complete researches about canola yield stability in Iran. In this research genotype environment interaction in canola studied using GGE biplot method. Ten canola cultivars evaluated for kernel yield in five locations: Karaj, Birjand, Kashmar, Shiraz and Sanandaj. Cultivars evaluated with Randomized Complete Block design with three replications in 2010-2011. Genotype environment interaction for kernel yield was significant. GGE biplot graph explain 94 percent of variance. Base this method Licord, Hyola308 and Modena had the highest yield respectively. In contrast Opera cultivar had the lowest yield. For kernel yield three mega-environments observed among locations. The first mega-environments contain Karaj, Kashmar and Sanandaj, second include Shiraz and third include Birjand. Base representativeness, ranking of environments was Karaj, Kashmar, Sanandaj, Shiraz and Birjand respectively.

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal which causes oxidative stress in plants and has a high level of toxicity for plants, animals and human. Present study carried out in order to evaluation of Cadmium stress effect on growth parameters in bean seedlings. This experiment was conducted in the form of factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD) by three replications per treatment. In addition, 25 bean seeds genotypes grew in laboratory conditions consist of solution CdCl2 with concentration of 4mg/lit and distilled water (as a control). The seedlings were harvested after 8days and the germination percentage, root and shoot length and its stability, R/S ratio and fresh weight were recorded. Analysis of variance revealed that there are significances different among the genotype, cadmium treatment and interaction at 1%level of probability. As a result Cadmium treatment in all genotypes reduced the germination percentage, root and shoots length, R/S ratio, fresh weight in compared to control. Based on the results we concluded that, these traits of bean plant are seriously affected by Cadmium treatment and also these are symptoms of toxicity of Cadmium element. Therefore less amount of reduction in a special genotype is referred to the index of tolerance to Cadmium.

In order to investigation of traits correlation and the cause and effect relationship among some traits and yield component in barley in drought stress conditions, the research was conducted in the College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Karaj. The experiment was a split plot in a randomized complete block design was implemented. Main plots consisted of two optimum irrigation (control) and drought stress (irrigation after heading), and subplots were consisted of 10 genotypes of barley: Valfajr, Raihan, Kavir, Gohar jo, Zar jo, Caron, Dasht, Turkmen, Nusrat and Youseph. The results stress treatment caused a significant decrease in grain yield, total dry matter, grain weight per unit area, spike number, 1000 grain weight per spike, plant height and length of the peduncle and kavir cultivar with a lower of 46/4% of the maximum yield with reduced sensitivity to stress and Dasht cultivar, 2.34% yield had the lowest sensitivity to stress. grain yield With Attributes such as Spike weight per unit area, harvest index, plant height, peduncle length and biomass showed a significant positive correlation. To remove the effects of ineffective or low impact on yield traits in the regression model, stepwise regression was used. The model has a coefficient of determination(0.999). Path analysis showed the highest direct effect and a positive spike weight (P=1.343) on grain yield was. And this is a positive trait through harvest index (P=0.356) and total dry weight (P=-0.935) to left negative indirect effect on grain yield.

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal which causes oxidative stress in plants and has a high level of toxicity for plants, animals and human. Present study carried out in order to evaluation of Cadmium stress effect on growth parameters, superoxide dismutase activity, proline and AbscisicAcidcontent in bean seedlings. This experiment was conducted in the form of factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD) by three replications per treatment. The first factor was cadmium with two levels include none use and consumption of 4ml/lit (cdcl2) and the second factor were different bean genotype. The seedlings were harvested after 8days and the germination percentage, root and shoot length R/S ratio and fresh weight were recorded. Analysis of variance revealed that there are significances different among the genotype, cadmium treatment and interaction at 1%level of probability. As a result Cadmium treatment in all genotypes reduced the germination percentage, root and shoots length, R/S ratio, fresh weight in compared to control. Based on the results we concluded that, these traits of bean plant are seriously affected by Cadmium treatment and also these are symptoms of toxicity of Cadmium element. Also in presence of Cadmium, the amount of SOD activity, Proline and ABA content showed significant increase in compared to control. Therefore less amount of reduction in a special genotype is referred to the index of tolerance to Cadmium.

Environmental stress, especially drought stress, play an important role in the reduction of the plant growth stage, specifically during germination in arid and semi arid regions in Iran. In order to study the effects of drought stress on germination indices in wheat varieties, an experiment was conducted in factorial form, using a in completely randomized design with four replications. In this experiment, seven iranian wheat varieties (azar, omid, dorom, tabaci ,keraceharvand, arvand, G73-20) were evaluated in six levels of drought treatment(distilled water,-3,-6,-9,-12,-15 bar). Results indicated significant differences among varieties, and drought stress levels. In all traits, a significant decrease was observed with increase in stress level. It seems that the length of stem among the other traits has more sensitivity to drought stress. Drought stress reduces the radical length at more than -6 bars. keraceharvand variety had the longest length of root with 63.58 mm. Azar had the longest length of plumule. The highest germination percentage belonged to G73-20 (78%). The lowest germination percentage belonged to Arvand with (36%).The percentage of germination and the velocity of germination lessened when drought stress exceeded more than -12 bars. G73-20,Tabaci had the highest velocity of germination. The highest coefficient of velocity of germination belonged to Tabaci. Traits in tolerant cultivars did not show a significant decline up to -3 bars. The most tolerant cultivar was G73-20,Tabaci. Considering all germination indices, Arvand was the susceptible cultivar.