JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Year:2009 | Volume:1 | Issue:1|Papers Count:11

Generally, human beings perform two main types of activities during daytime: Vocational and leisurely. Leisure time refers to hours or moments in which an individual performs activities such as games and entertainments, far from vocational activities and biological need, which give a feeling of satisfaction. Leisure time is that part of life which can cause growth and development or wrong-doings leading to the fall of a society. Physical activities and exercising bring human growth in physical and spiritual aspects. So, this phenomenon has been noticed by many societies to be implemented in a comprehensive level. The youth of a country make its future. Their habits and the manner they spend their leisure time currently ground their future activities in societies. In this respect, their lifestyle should be studied due to its critical impact on the future of the country. Attention to physical activities and exercising in universities is one of the effective ways to pass leisure time due to some reasons.In this study, the manner of spending leisure time and the role of physical activities in Islamic Azad University of Abhar students' leisure time were observed.385 students comprised the sample that were chosen randomly and given leisure time questionnaire. Data analysis indicated that 64 percent of the students passed their leisure time in the evenings and at nights. Watching TV was prevalent among girls and listening to music for boys. Exercising ranked the eighth among leisure activities in boys and the case for girls was the tenth.44 percent of these students had physical activities weekly (except those who took physical education courses 1 & 2). Among 20 current sport events, hiking, stretching, and football were the first three physical activities. Swimming, volleyball, hiking and football were taken as interesting events. Laziness and impatience were assumed by students as the main factors of avoiding exercising (13.2 %). The students' main motivations to exercise were refreshment and enjoyment (25.5 %).

One of the outstanding characteristics of the third-world countries is the adolescence of their population, referring to the age group below 15 years old. Population adolescence is, by itself, regarded as a complex social problem in the third-world countries. This problem is manifested in different dimensions both at present and in future; furthermore, it brings failure or deficiency to many future plans.The age composition of population is related to the degree of development in different countries. This means, the more a country is developed, the more its population below 15 years old decreases and the more it is added to the population of the other two groups. The founder of this idea is Wertheim, the Dutch demographer and sociologist. In his view, at least 40 percent of the underdeveloped countries population are below 15 and accordingly the test of %40 or Wertheim test has been introduced.In this study, two indices of Wertheim and Vernet have been implemented to identify adolescence in Iran's population. Statistics are based on 1956-2006 censuses. Iran's population has turned to be adolescent within 1956-1966. The adolescence intensity has increased in 1976-1986 interval having a more logical rate within 1966-1976 period.Eventually, this intensity has gradually decreased in 1986-1996 having a more decrease rate within 1996-2006 interval.The adolescence or agedness of population, in principle, causes diverse problems in respect to social and economical planning especially in national investments. About %50 of adolescent population in a thirdworld country are just consumers having no roles in production and its increase rate. In adolescent populations the death rate in children is so high and life expectancy is considerably low. The adolescent composition of a given population needs vast investments to provide the age group below 14 with sanitation, education, welfare and housing.

Social capital is an umbrella term including several dimensions such as social trust, social participation and norms. Social capital enjoys selfgenerating feature which means its proper use provides grounds for its production and strength. Therefore, dealing with the subject of social capital necessitates deep and precise research.In this article, local and foreign studies or researches are discussed and then a theoretical framework is introduced based on the theories of scholars like Geaoge Simmel, Herbert Blumer, Anthony Giddens, Pierre Bourdieu, Francis Fukuyama, and Robert Putnam. Finall, such researches are criticized based on this theoretical framework. The result of this study indicates that for evaluating the concept of social capital, referring to people and discovering its aspects from their points of view is essential.

This research was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CBT on test anxiety reduction among the students of IAU, Abhar Branch. So, using cluster method, 342 students were selected to fill out Sarason Test Anxiety Questionnaire.40 students with anxiety higher than normal were selected randomly and assigned into experimental and control groups.After intervention, all subjects were tested and the data were analyzed using T test for dependant groups and differentiation T. Results indicated that 24 percent of students were suffering from test anxiety and girls showed more test anxiety. Cognitive-behavior intervention reduced test anxiety in the experimental group.

This paper studies consumers' behavior in the urban areas of Zanjan province, using 'Almost Ideal Demand System'. Observations indicated that the price elasticity rate was lower than unity for foods, drinks, tobacco products, clothes, shoes, other goods and services. In other words, these goods are inelastic. Also cross price elasticities are nonzero, and, in most cases, their absolute value is lower than unity. That means consumers tend not to change their demands for other product groups due to the price change in one group of goods. The results, also, indicated that the income elasticity sign of all product groups is positive.

This study explored the relationship between religious orientation (internal-external) and the ways of coping stress (problem-based & emotion-based) in the students of IAU, Abhar Branch. Religion with internal origin is comprehensive and has well-organized principles; however, religion with external origin is a device to meet needs as relaxation, sociability, security, self-justification and job position.The research design was casual-comparative and the sample size included 250 BA and Associate Degree students that were chosen randomly in 1384 studying in different majors in IAU, Abhar Branch.Research instruments were Alport Scale of Religious Orientation (internal-external) (ROS) and Lazarus Folkman Confrontive Coping Scale (WOC). After test administration, 50 students that had the lowest scores were known as internal religious-oriented; and, 50 students who got the highest scores were known as external religious-oriented. Then, the coping ways (problem-based & emotion-based) in the two groups were considered. T test was implemented to analyze data.The findings, on the whole, approved the research hypotheses asserting that students with internal religious orientation used the problem-based coping way in a higher degree than external religious-oriented ones.Also, the external religious-oriented students used the emotion-based coping way more than the counter group. In relation to the four minor research hypotheses, there was a significant difference between the means of the two groups with internal and external religious orientation in each of the sub-scales of the emotion-based coping way (confrontation, self-control, escaping and avoidance).

This study was aimed to compare the matrimonial satisfaction rate and its features in employed married women and that of housewives with the age range of 30-40 in the city of Qaen. For this purpose, 60 employed women and 60 housewives were chosen through clustering and random ways.Data were gathered through the Matrimonial Satisfaction Questionnaire and, then, analyzed via descriptive statistics (average rank, standard deviation, frequency) and the inferential features (Mann Whitney and Will Kakson) in a signification level of p<5%.The findings based on Will Kakson Test indicated that matrimonial satisfaction rate in both housewives and employed women was significant so that average scores rank of employed testees was significantly higher in respect to sub-scales of ideal deviation, satisfaction, communication, financial management, sexual relations, child-rearing, family and friends; but, housewives got higher scores in sub-scales of personality features. Will Kakson Test results to compare average scores rank was significant for four worker groups of services, health, education and housekeeping under the sub-scales of matrimonial satisfaction so that average scores rank of the employed testees in education sector was significantly higher in sub-scales of ideal deviation, matrimonial satisfaction, communication, financial management, sexual relations, leisure time, child rearing, family and friends and religious orientation. But house wives got higher scores in the sub-scale of personality features.

The Iranian family confronts many challenges. Changes in women's role and stand, the increase in divorce rate, the decreased in marriage rate, view change to the role of wives, the centrality of family decision making in the society and the like have led to paradoxical roles. This situation has directed the domain of Iranian studies towards family breakup, and challenges in divorce and marriage.Attention to family stability or breakup has created concerns in the Iranian family domain experts due to modernism being introduced to the Iranian society.The most important reason for this concern is the vast changes in almost all structural-functional dimensions of the Iranian family.This article, which is an extract of my PhD dissertation, seeks to explore whether the Iranian family is subject to breakup or transition. To answer this question, a meta-analysis was done on the existing studies and researches.Accordingly, the research hypothesis predicting the breakup of Iranian families was rejected and the results indicated that they are subject to transition not breakup. The theoretical framework of the present study was based on the dialectical orientation of sociologist theoreticians. Eventually, some solutions for the Iranian family to pass this transition period were suggested.