Veterinary Research & Biological Products
Year:2019 | Volume:32 | Issue:3 (124) |Papers Count:14

Consideration of the residual growth hormones in the carcass of slaughtered animals in the slaughterhouse is necessary as a potential risk to the health of the community. The present study aimed at identifying biomarkers to detect the illegal use of growth stimulating hormones in slaughter houses. For this purpose, the differential expression analysis of the genes in a gene expression profile in the Arrayexpress database with the accession number E-GEOD-12179 was initially comprised of a comparison of the muscle tissue of the beef cattle receiving the growth stimulating hormone with beef cattle muscle, which did not receive any growth stimulating hormones. Among genes with different expression, target genes were identified by analyzing the statistical parameters of the network. The identified genes were MAPK1, EDN1, TGFB1, BMP4, and PPARA. Then the pathway analysis of the gene, generating and analyzing the expression network of genes based on target genes were performed using Pathvisio, Cytoscape and Pathway studio software. Analysis of pathways showed that beta-cell growth factor, growth factor receptor, and gonadotropin hormone release were significant. Also, the results of this analysis showed that these genes play a role in the regulation of cellular cell proliferation, differentiation, development, and process of muscle hypertrophy. Therefore, these genes have the potential for introduction as biomarkers of gene expression in relation to the detection of the use of growth promoters and provide new markers for detecting illegal use of growth stimulating hormones in slaughterhouses.

Newcastle disease virus is an important virus in poultry industry. Use of killed or attenuated vaccine against the disease elevates immunological protection. The F gene is a major determinant in virulence of the virus. Therefore, in this study we aimed to sequence the F gene of Razi LaSota-derived and plaque-purified NDV strain IR12 and analyze it. The virus was inoculated into 10-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs and then the allantoic fluid was subjected to sucrose gradient purification using ultra centrifuge. The purified virus band was then subjected to RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis using gene specific primers. PCR was run using specific primers to amplify the F gene and then the band was gel extracted and cloned to pJet1. 2 plasmids in a 3 to 1 ratio and transformed to a suitable competent cell. The extracted plasmid was then digested with BglII restriction enzyme to confirm the presence of the insert and then the plasmid was Sanger se As a result, the gene sequence F was completely sequenced and compared with the lentogenic strains found in the gene bank. quenced. The sequence was then assembled using MEGA6, the cleavage-site sequence of 112G-R-Q-G-R-L117 was obtained and then the phylogenetic tree was drawn. As a result, the gene sequence F was completely sequenced and compared with the lentogenic strains found in the gene bank.

To study the ND and AI status of native fowl, 900 native chicks aged 8 to 56 weeks in 60 rural households in a warm-dry climate (Borkhar and Najaf Abad cities) and a cold-wet climate (Khansar and Semirom cities) of Isfahan province were distributed and maintained, At 8, 20, 32, 44, and 56 weeks, 15% of the birds were sampled from wing vein and tested by HI method to determine the antibodies against Newcastle and Influenza diseases, meanwhile by providing cloacal and pharyngeal swabs, the highly pathogenic influenza viruses H5 and H7 was tested using RT-PCR, The mean of anti-Newcastle antibody in Borkhar and Najaf Abad cities was 4. 2 and 6. 5 respectively, and their mean CV% was 63. 7% and 31. 9% respectively; The mean anti-Newcastle antibody in the Khansar and Semirom was 4. 5, 5. 8, and the mean CV% was 52. 1% and 33. 5% respectively. The mean of anti Influenza antibody in Borkhar and Najaf Abad was 5. 21 and 0. 6 respectively, also the mean CV% was 63. 7% and 33. 0%, respectively. The mean of anti influenza antibody in Khansar and Semirom was 5. 5, 6. 2 and the mean CV% was 29. 8% and 19. 3%, respectively. The molecular tests results of the H5 and H7 was also negative. In overall the incidence rate of birds in the warm and dry climate was more prevalent. The mortality rate due to infectious agents and physical accidents / animal attacks was about 9% and 11%, respectively. In conclusion, it is recommended that combined surveillance and preventive management be applied for native chickens.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antigenic diversity of five ORT (Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale) isolates (7, 32, 71, 63, 65) from a few provinces. 48 birds from 14-day-old SPF chicken were randomly divided into 6 separate groups and were kept in separate cages with free access to food and water. Each of the groups were inoculated with formalin inactivated antigens of each isolates containing a 1 × 10 8 CFU, per dose of bacteria along with incomplete fraud’ s adjuvant twice within three weeks. The sixth group was injected with saline phosphate buffer. Two weeks post inoculation, all birds were bleeded for the preparation of serum samples. Evaluation of induced humoral immune response and differentiation of antigen diversity among isolates were done using commercial ORT ELISA kit and Agar Gel Precipitation (AGP) tests. Differences in titer were observed by ELISA with the highest serum level for isolates 7 and 32 (P<0. 05) and the lowest titer for the 63 isolate. AGP test showed one common antigen between most isolates (except for isolate 71). In addition, a similar reaction was detected by all the antigens against the serum of SPF chickens previously immunized with a commercial ORT (serotype A) vaccine. Overall this study showed the most isolates were serologically identical (except 71) and associated to the serotype A of ORT in addition to possible variable induction of the immune response by isolates in chickens. The results of this study could help researcher in choosing an ORT candidate for producing a more effective local vaccine.

Because P. multocida serotypes have no cross protection Several studies have been focused on identification of immunogenic molecules shared between different serotypes in the hope of production of a wide-range vaccine effective against all causative serotypes. In the present study, crude sonicated cell extracts of P. multocida serotypes A: 1, A: 3, and A: 4 were immunoblotted against chicken hyper-immune sera in order to identify cross-reactive immunogenic proteins of them. 35 chickens aged two months randomly divided into 7 groups of five and were injected by monovalent or trivalent serotypes with time intervals of 14 days between first and second injections, and 10 days between second and third and third to fourth injections. The first inoculum was adjuvanted with complete Freund adjuvant (CFA), the second and third inocula were adjuvanted with incomplete Freund adjuvant (IFA), and the fourth one was without any adjuvant. Results showed that there are at least 5 cross-reactive immunogenic proteins in serotypes A: 1, A: 3, and A: 4, in a way that antibodies produced by chicken in an immune response to immunization with whole cell Pasteurella suspensions are able to react with each of the 3 serotypes. These cross-reactive agents are proteins (or at least in some parts) with the molecular weight of 39, 40, 37, 53, and 30 K. Da. The 39 K. Da band was the most prominent immunoblott and introduced as candidate for molecular identification and future vaccine studies.

Neospora caninum, the cause of Neosporosis, is an obligate intracellular parasite. Neosporosis infection has worldwide distribution and infect many animals such as cattle, sheep, goat and deer. The control methods of disease are included test and cull, antibiotic treatment and vaccination. The lack of proper drugs and the absence of effective vaccines led us to evaluate the anti neospora effects of Ginger and Glycyrrhizin aqua extracts. In this study, different doses of two herbal extracts were prepared. At first the cytotoxicity of aqua extracts was evaluated on Vero cell line by MTT assay. Then their effects on parasite were tested in chicken embryonated eggs. The results showed that Ginger and Glycyrrhizin aqua extract, have no cytotoxic effect on Vero cell line in 0. 625 mg/ml dose. Also, in the study on embryonic eggs, there were casualties in the groups that used clindamycin and Glycyrrhizin, while the ginger prevents losses due to the neosporosis in chicken embryonated eggs. Previous reports had proved the effect of ginger on Toxoplasma gondii. In this study, the inhibitory effect of this plant was also shown on Neospora caninum. In addition, for the first time embryonated eggs were used to evaluate drug effects on Neospora caninum. Both of these findings can be useful in applied research for the preparation of an effective drug for the control and treatment of neosporosis.

Antibiotics are such compounds that are used for prevention or treatment during the breeding term. The lack of attention of the farmers to veterinary recommendations regarding observance of the prohibition of slaughter and poultry consumption, increases the amount of residues in poultry meat. Regarding the complications caused of these residues, such as drug resistance of germs, increased sensitivity to consumers, etc. In the present study, antibiotics residues of different groups, including quinolones, macrolides and fluorophenicol were investigated. Totally 8 antibiotics (4 antibiotical classes) in muscle and liver tissues of 90 samples from 13 slaughterhouses and 13 separate herds in early 1397 with a systematic random probability were collected, By liquid chromatography with a tandem mass spectrometer according the Grabnelli and el al method tested in the Residues Department of National Diagnostic Center of IVO. Finally, form 21 analytes that just Lincomycinthe macrolide class, and the enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin in Quinolines was detected in sample and most of the frequency belong to ENR, LINCO. CIP, STZ respectively, and this ratio is significantly correlated with both liver and chicken tissue matrix. It should be mentioned that in 24 and 16% of muscles and livers only one type of antibiotic was detected there aren’ t any samples with more than one antibiotic. None of the positive amounts weren’ t above ISIRI and EU MRLs, then again, the presence of antibiotics, in particular, can be a potential public health hazard.

Slaughterhouses are one of the most important sites for animal health monitoring and disease surveillances and implementation of control strategies. Valuable information about animal disease status can be achieved through routine meat inspection measures in slaughterhouses. uُrveillance and monitoring of various animal diseases and zoonoses such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), tuberculosis, brucellosis, parasitic infections) like fascioliasis, cysticercosis, trichinosis( or and high risk diseases such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) (because of easy detection of downer cow syndrome) are easily possible through ante-and postmortem meat inspection in slaughterhouses. In 2016, a cross sectional study was conducted with the objective of land territorial planning for slaughterhouses in our country. The study was done by collecting available information from Iran Veterinary Organization Council and municipalities using questionnaire. According to our results, totally, there are 396 slaughterhouses including 336 traditional and 60 industrial slaughterhouses in our country. Also for achieving the desirable health situation, we need to build at least 3, 26, 56 and 31 industrial modern slaughterhouses on the basis of the four patterns suggested by Iran Veterinary Organization, respectively. In conclusion, when we plan for implementation of prevention and control strategies for animal diseases, land territory for building slaughterhouses is really an appropriate tool for reducing live animal transport and replacement of meat trade with live animal trade.

Many therapeutic effects have been known for garlic, so far. It has been used for health and treatment of various diseases in Iranian traditional medicine. This study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of water extract of garlic on experimental cutaneous candidiasis in goats. In this study four 8-month-old goats were used. After weakening the immune system, each animal were inoculated in four points with 0. 1 ml of Candida albicans suspension (2. 5×106 cells/ml) intracutaneously (A: Right side of the chest for treatment with garlic extract, B: Left side of the chest for nystatin treatment, C: Right flank for treatment with distilled water, and D: Left flank without treatment). Histopathological finding were identified as, cutaneous swelling, vesicles formation, redness and scaling of the skin, four days after Candida albicans inoculation. Clinical signs of cutaneous candidiasis were completely recovered, after the administration of garlic extract for 5 days and nystatin for 7 days. Cutaneous injuries created in non-treated and distilled water-treated groups opened to the skin surface and creamy secretions released. The results of this study showed that water extract of garlic can repair cutaneous candidiasis lesions in a shorter time period compared to nystatin in goat.

Nowadays one of the aquatic environment problems is the entry of industrial wastewater containing nanoparticles. In the present study, the effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on some enzymes and histological alterations of liver and kidney tissues in the juvenile carp was assessed. At first, acute toxicity (LC50 96h) of CuO NPs were determined. Then, juvenile carps were exposed to the sublethal concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/l of CuO NPs for 96h. Liver and kidney tissues of carp were separated after four periods. Also, ALT, AST, ALP and LDH enzyme activity assay in tissue extracts was done. The analysis of all enzymes activity in liver at a concentration of 200 mg/l after 96h, showed significant increase compared to the control treatment (P<0/05). In kidney, ALP and LDH enzyme activity for all of the four periods at concentration of 200 mg/l and GOT and GPT enzyme activity after 48, 72 and 96h at concentration of 100 and 200 mg/l showed significant difference. In the acute treatments of liver tissue side effects such as blood congestion, cellular necrosis, and cell atrophy and fatty degeneration was observed. kidney tissue were indicated same histopathological changes and shrinkage or degeneration of Bowman's capsule, glomerular expansion, hemosiderin deposits, tubular necrosis and degeneration or occlusion of the tubular lumen. The results showed that sublethal amounts of CuO NPs could affect the activity of the liver and kidney enzymes of the common carp and showed significant histopathological effects.

In This study, comparative effects of nanochitosan coating enriched with or without green tea extract (Camellia sinensis L. ) on quality of Costal trevally fish (Carangoides coeruleopinnatus) during refrigerated storage (4 ° C) at 12 days. For this purpose, the costal trevally fillets were into three groups, immersed in nanochitosan (chitosan 2% and polyphosphate 2%), nanochitosan coated 0. 5% green tea extract and acetic acid solution (control sample). Antimicrobial effects of nanochitosan coating (with or without green tea extract) evaluated by aerobic mesophilic counts and psychrophilic bacterial counts, using PCA. Physicochemical properties of samples have been investigated through, pH measurement, spectrophotometric evaluation of TBARS and TVB-N content determination using Kjheldal and titration of FFA method. Sensory evaluation determined by 15 panelists who were asked to evaluate the flavor, odor, overall acceptability in days (0, 3, 6, 9, 12), of the sample. The comparative of mesophilic count and psychrophilic count showed that the highest amount of TVC and PTC was obtained in control (5. 11 and 4. 43 log cfu/g) and the least amount of t mesophilic count and psychrophilic count had treatment immersed at nanochitosan coating enriched with green tea extract (4. 10 and 3. 70 log cfu/g). The results showed that change of physicochemical and bacterial were significantly (p<0/05) lowest in the samples treated with nanochitosan coating enriched with green tea extract as compared to control group (p<0. 05). Also, TBA, FFA, TVBN and pH contents of fish fillet coated with nanochitosan and green tea extract was 0. 42 mg malonaldehyde/ kg tissue, 1. 46 % oleic acid, 19. 40 mg N/100g sample and 7. 49 that has the lowest contents comparison with other treatments (p<0. 05). TMA content and SH content of control and coated with or without greaan tea extract showed no significant difference (p>0. 05) at the end of storage. The results of sensory analysis showed that coated fillets had higher scores comparison with control sample. The results indicated that both nanochitosan coating enriched with geen tea extract were higher antimicrobial and antioxidan activity than nanochitosan during the storage period. . Therefore, to extend the shelf life and delay the deterioration of fresh costa trevally fillets during refrigerated storage, nanochitosan coating is more effective.

The effect of stocking density and dietary aflatoxin B1 along with rosemary and thyme powders on intestinal digestive enzymes activity of rainbow trout was evaluated. Total of 600 fish with an average weight of 90± 3 were randomly allotted among six experimental groups consisted of two stocking density (15 and 45 kg. m-3), aflatoxin contamination (0 and 50 ppb) with/without including 4 % herbal blend powder (2% rosemary and 2% thyme). Each treatment was replicated thrice and the experiment was lasted for 6 weeks. Stocking at high density and receiving aflatoxin B1 contaminated diet resulted in higher digestive enzymes activity including amylase, lipase and alkaline protease (p≤ 0. 05). It seemed that including herbal blend consisting of rosemary and thyme powder could mitigate pathologically elevated digestive enzymes activity due to dietary aflatoxin contamination (p≤ 0. 05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of rosemary and thyme multi-blend in aflatoxin contaminated diets at the studied level could ameliorate undesirable effects of aflatoxin on intestinal digestive enzymes activity of rainbow trout reared at various densities.

In this study, effects of ethanolic green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on some biochemical and antioxiant parameters in gold fish (Carassius auratus) were evaluated. The fish (average mean weight 9. 1 ± 0. 5 grams) were randomly distributed at density of 90 fish in nine tanks )with three tanks for each group(. In treatment groups, fish fed ethanolic green tea extract at 50 and 100 mg kg-1 for a period of two months where as in control group, basal diet without any additive was used. Results showed that total protein increased in both treatment groups. Serum metabolic enzymes including alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) did not change between different groups. On the other hand, lipid peroxidation product decreased in both treatment groups. Similarly, antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased following the administration of green tea in both groups compared to the control group. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of ethanolic green tea extract was 50 mg kg-1 with potential to positively influence some biochemical parameters and antioxidant status in gold fish.

The Iranian poultry industry is developing and Isfahan province is the first or second producer of chicken meats and commercial eggs which rearing millions of native chickens simultaneously, the study aimed to investigate the abundances of gastro intestinal (GI) parasites of native chickens (Gallus domesticus) in two dominant climates of center of Iran-Isfahan for a year. Therefore 900 native chickens diffused in 60 rural households in a warm-dry climate and a cold-wet climate without any treatment. Stool samples collected at weeks of 8, 32 and 56 for EPG (Egg Per Gram) and OPG (Oocyste Per Gram) examination, finally a female and a male bird in each households were dissected and examined for GI parasites. The EPG and OPG values and prevalence rates increased with aging and wetness in both climate; the identified nematodes were Ascaridia galli 33%, Hetterakis gallinarum 18%, Acuaria spirailis 7. 5%, Cappillaria anatis 7. 25%, Cheilospirura hamulosa 3. 75% and Trichostrongylus tenouous 3. 5%. The diagnosed cestodes were Raillietina echinobutheridae 15. 5%; R. tetragona 12%; R. cesticillus 10%; Choanotaenia infundibulum 8. 5%; Cotugnia dignopora 7%; and Subulura brompti 3%. The detected eimeria were Eimeria maxima 38. 5%; E. tenella 28%; E. necatrix 7% and E. acervulina 5. 5%. In chi square test (p>0. 05) the abundance of GI parasites in males was higher than females. It is concluded that GI parasites are a serious problem of native chickens and reduce the yields of productions and productivity, also would be a source of infection for other birds and need an appropriate nutrition, hygiene and medication.