Veterinary Research & Biological Products
Year:2015 | Volume:28 | Issue:2(107)|Papers Count:11

Ornithobacteriosis is caused byOrnithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) that can cause economic losses to the poultry industry annually. The purpose of this study was to investigate tissue tropism and dissemination of ORT-R87-7/1387 strain of ORT in different organs of experimentally infected SPF chickens. Forty one-day-old SPF leghorn chicks were provided and divided randomly into two groups (20 chicks in the experimental and 20 chicks in the control group). They were kept in separate positive pressure isolators. At the age of three weeks, the chicks in the experimental group were inoculated intratracheally with 1× 1010 CFU of ORT. Each bird in control group was inoculated with PBS. The sample from trachea, lungs, liver and heart were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days post-inoculation (PI). Three chickens of experimental group showed ruffled feathers from days 3 to 4 PI that this signs disappeared at 5 day PI. ORT was isolated in the trachea on days 2, 4, 8 and 10 PI. The bacteria was also found in the lungs and liver on day 4 PI. But ORT was not detected in samples taken from heart during study. The results showed that this strain of ORT alone can not lead to mortality, severe clinical signs or gross lesions in infected chickens, but its replication in the trachea for a long time could render birds susceptible to other diseases.

study investigates the presence of heavy metals such as iron, zinc, copper and cadmium in muscle, skin, gonad and gill tissues of fish (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) in two sites in Sari and Turkmen Seaport of Southern part of Caspian Sea. Samples were collected in autumn 2013 and winter 2014. After preparation and parting of tissues, concentration of heavy metals were determined in tissues of 37 samples (20 samples in autumn and 17 samples in winter) following wet digestion using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The results of this study showed that the average concentrations of iron and zinc were at maximum in gill and at minimum in muscle. However the average concentrations of copper were at maximum in gonad and at minimum in muscle and the average concentrations of cadmium were at maximum in muscle and at minimum in gonad. Iron concentrations were shown to be higher than those of zinc, copper and cadmium in various organs of fish. Accumulation of iron, zinc, copper and cadmium in muscle, skin, gonad and gill was highly significant between them (P<0.05). Concentrations of iron in muscle and skin were significantly different (P<0.05), unlike those in skin and gonad (P>0.05). Concentrations of cadmium in muscle and skin were not significantly different, unlike those in muscle and gonad. These values were compared with the WHO and the FAO and UK (MAFF) safety standards regarding the amount of the above mentioned heavy metals in fish tissues. Based on the results of this study, the average concentrations of zinc in the gill tissues proved to be higher than international standards.The average concentrations of cadmium in the muscle, skin and gill tissues proved to be higher than international standards. It is recommended not to use these fish due to the toxicity and high levels of cadmium in their muscle tissues.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of melatonin implant on adrenal function and serum cortisol level in Arabian ewes out of the breeding season. For this purpose, 16 Arabian ewes with 2 to 4 years old (mean weight 35±5 kg) and non-pregnant were divided into two groups. The survey was conducted from late December to early March for 10 weeks. The first group (control) received no melatonin. Implantation of melatonin was used in the second group.Weight of adrenal gland in treatment of melatonin implant in compare with control group is significantly dicrease (p<0.01). Weight of adrenal gland and thickness of the cortex, capsule, glomerulosa, fasciculate and reticularis in treatment of melatonin implant has been decreased in compare with control group (p<0.01). In all times of study, there was no significant differences in cortisol levels between melatonin and control treatments (P>0.05). in control group, the cortisol concentration of blood serum in day 14 was significantly higher than days 42 and 56 (p<0.01). But in melatonin treatment, there were no significant different in cortisol value among all times of study (P>0.05). With regard to the results of this study can be said, use of melatonin to induction breeding season in Arabian ewes, not as a stressor and its application in out of the breeding season did not increase the cortisol level.

Cryptosporidium andersoniis a pathogenic coccidia of cattle and sheep. In the present study, 940 fecal samples were investigated from calves aged from 2 months to 1 year old of Shahriar city. The smears of the samples were stained with modified Ziehl Neelsen technique. For molecular study, DNA was extracted by phenol-chloroform from stool positive samples, then 18s rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium was amplified by Nested PCR method. The resulted band was cut with two restriction enzymes (Vsp1 and Ssp1). Finally the resulting amplicon of Nested PCR was sequenced. The results indicated that, 23 cases were diagnosed to be positive with staining technique. All PCR-RFLP patterns of 18S rRNA gene of calve samples showed similar electrophoretic mobility on agarose gel and identified asCryptosporidium andersoni. The result was also confirmed by sequencing analysis.

The survey effect of salinity performed onRutilus frisii kutum (Kamensky, 1901) juveniles with aim, which was determined about survival rate and histological changes in kidney tissues. Juveniles provided from the Rajai's fish propagation center and then examined in Caspian Sea Ecology Research Center laboratory. The juveniles were investigated on three weight group (200−<400, 400−<600, 600−<1000 mg) and in freshwater and Caspian Sea water (12.5 ppt) during 168hr. Each treatment has three replications. The factorial test evaluated for survival rate in treatments. The results shown that there was a significant difference among treatments in the different levels of factors, (p<0.05, Duncan test). The juveniles' survival rate has decreased than control treatment in brackish water (85% ±3) in freshwater (96% ±1). It was demonstrated that with increasing fish weight, therefore, the survival rate is increased. Therefore, survival of juveniles was high. However, kidney tissue of juveniles under salinity stress was changeed in the end of experiments. Furthermore, there was a increasing the internal cavity of the proximal and distal tubules and decreasing of glomeruli in diameter in the transfer of juveniles from freshwater to brackish water.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main causes of acne in the all of ages. Many drugs are prescribed to treat it. Utilization of water resources in order to secure access to new drugs is the issues that people are always followed. The present study investigated anti- bacterial effect of the serum ofCyprinus carpio and Hypophthalmychthys molitrix against two strains of Staphylococcus aureus the causative agent of acne. In this study, different concentrations of the serum of C. carpioand H. molithrix 1.16, 1.32, 1.4, 1.2, 1.8 placed on to nutrient agar and The experimental results of this study were achieved by determining of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by serial dilution method, the percentage of inhibition of bacterial growth by using absorbance microplate reader device, minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) and the determination of zone growth by the disk diffusion methodantibacterial activity of the serum was evaluated using disc diffusion on two strains of S. aureus. Results of present study indicated that unlike A strain A of S. aureus (No.48), strain B bacteria (No.947) was not sensitive to common carp serum compared with the vancomycin antibiotic. Two strains ofS. aureus bacteria were not shown sensitivity to silver carp serum. It can be concluded that C.carpio serum as a drug of natural origin can be used to eliminate strain A of S. aureus.

Cryptosporidium baileyiis one of the pathogen protozoa which is specific for poultry. C. baileyi is able to infect, grow and reproduce in epithelial cells of respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts of chickens. This parasite has been isolated from Iran poultry industry. The aim of this study was to propagate the parasite in the chicken embryonating SPF eggs. Oocysts were maintained by passage through chicks. Faeces containing excreted oocysts were mixed with 2.5% potassium dichromate (w/v) and stored at 4°C. Oocysts of C. baileyi were purified and cleaned by modification of Sheater’s sugar flotation method and using 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. The oocysts were washed with PBS and appropriate antibiotics were added. Ten day- old embryonating SPF eggs were inoculated via allantoic cavity with 1x 105 oocysts or equivalent oocysts exposed by excystation fluid. The eggs inoculated by samples were incubated 7 days at 37oC and candled once a day. The results showed that both inoculated samples were able to grow and propagate in chorio allantoic membrane and release the oocysts in allantoic fluid. Inoculation of 1x105 oocysts caused releasing of 1x106 oocysts in the allantoic fluid of one egg. Upon the results the propagation ofC. baileyi in the chicken embryonating SPF eggs can be used in research works. This method can be used for limited propagation of the parasite using the intact oocysts as inoculated samples in embryonating eggs of chickens or even other birds.

In order to compare the effect of two different types of probiotics on broiler’s body weights, organs of the immune system and small intestinal tissue during the first week of age, an experiment was carried out by 378 one-day old male broilers, which randomly assigned to three treatments and 6 replications with 21 male broilers in each replicate. Treatments included a control diet (without probiotic) and two experimental diets (a diet with Bacillus-based probiotic or acid lactic bacteria). At 3 and 7 days of age, after weighing all the broilers, one bird from each pen was slaughtered and weight of the immune organs, length and relative weight of different parts of small intestine were measured and morphological properties of jejunum were studied. During the first three days of age, length of jejunum to body weight ratio was higher in the bacillus-based probiotic group and relative length of ileum was higher in both groups fed different types of probiotic supplemented diets compared to the control group (P<0.05). At 3 days of age, the average weight of broilers, which consumed bacillus-based probiotic was lower compared to the control group (P<0.05).However, microscopic morphological characteristics of jejunum at 3 and 7 days of age were not influenced by probiotic (P>0.05). At the age of 7 days, the mean spleen weight of bacillus-based probitic group was higher than the control group (P<0.05). Although positive effect of probiotics on growth performance of broilers after approximately three weeks of usage was reported by several researchers. However, based on the result of this study, fast effect of probiotics consumption on some parts of small intestine and growth of some immune system organs within the first week of age was observed and recorded. The initial effect of probiotics is different based on the type of bacteria in the probiotics.

Bovine Theileriosis have been producing in Iran nearly four decades. While Bovine Theileriosis vaccine administration is now very crucial for disease control, therefore it is important to improve the quantity and quality of the vaccine for providing the national and export markets. The growth ofTheileria annulata infected cell line S15 vaccine strain in Stoker cell culture medium including 10% adult bovine serum in wolf simple cell culture vessel, Biomixer and in "Labfors" fully controlled aerobic bioreactor fed-batch system has revealed the efficient growth of T. annulata infected cell line in all employed vessels. The obtained results determined the 250% cell growth in "Wolf" vessel, 180% in Labfors aerobic bioreactor and finally 200% for Biomixer vessel. The results for quality control of produced vaccine in proposed technique have shown the good quality of the prepared bovine Theileriosis vaccine in aerobic bioreactor system.In conclusion, according to the achieved findings, the production of bovine Theileriosis vaccine in aerobic bioreactor system might be used for high production and less manipulation of production processes as well as saving labor in order to mechanizing the production and better controlling the process of manufacturing.

Subclinical mastitis is one of the most costly diseases of dairy animals. The aim of this study was to evaluation of the phenotypic and genotype characteristics ofStaphylococcus aurous strains isolated from buffalo milk with subclinical mastitis around the city of Urmia. A total of 480 quarter milk samples were collected from 120 dairy buffaloes and screened for subclinical mastitis by the aid of California Mastitis Test (CMT). In order to isolateS. aurous by cultural methods, bacteriological examinations with biochemical tests were done on all samples. For the diagnosis and determining the molecular types, extraction of DNA from allS. aurous isolates was performed by PCR as well as by the nuc and spa gene-specific primers were done. According to results of culture characteristics and biochemical tests in 76 quarter under test (15.8%) infections were reported from various species of Staphylococci. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aurousin 5 cases (6.57%), accounted for the isolation of staphylococci. All isolates of Staphylococcus aurous(100%) based on molecular tests based on Nuc gene replication was confirmed. Only a distinct pattern of bands (bp1150) in Spa gene of S. aurous isolates were reported. Overall, the results show the high levels of pollution caused by Staphylococcus species in milk samples of buffalo around the city of Uremia, identification and control of seasonal variation inStaphylococcus aurous is very important.

In July of 2014 in one of the Released centers saltwater aquarium fish, mortality InAmphiprion xanthurus imported from africa into iran was observed. Aquarium water temperature 27oC, pH 8.2, ammonia and nitrite are zero, the average salt concentration of 1.018 (based on density) and carbonate hardness was 10 Submit. Symptoms include loss of appetite, white spots on the skin such as sprinkling dust on the part of the skin, loss of balance, and finally falling into the dock at the bottom of the aquarium and dyspnea were seen. Examples of infected fish was sent back to the lab. Samples taken from the surface of the skin and gill of host fish and examined by light microscopy. Flagellated unicellular parasites (Amiloodinium ocellatum) were identified and isolated from the skin and gills of fish. Parasite is non-specific in its host selection and wide variety of marine and brackish water fish pollute. The parasite is relatively resistant to the chemicals used to treat and tolerate a wide range of salinity and temperature fluctuations. This is the first report ofAmiloodinium acellatum in Iran.