Payesh
Year:2019 | Volume:18 | Issue:6 |Papers Count:11

Objective (s): Mental and behavioral disorders might lead to several other diseases and are one the causes of mortality. This study aimed to study the sex and age distribution of deaths due to mental illness in Iran during 2011-2017. Methods: Data were extracted from the Iran death registry developed by the Iran's Vital Registration Organization. As such based on the international classification of diseases-10 [ICD-10] deaths from mental and behavioral disorders were analyzed. The percentage of each cause is determined by gender and age. The sex ratio index and years of life lost (YLL) due to premature death were estimated by age and sex. Results: There were about 1, 082 deaths from mental and behavioral disorders, giving a rate of 25 deaths in one million of population. The mortality rate has increased by about 25% over the period 2011-2017, and this increase was higher for men than for women. Death rate due to mental and behavioral disorders were higher for women over the age of 20 to 35 and higher for men over the age of 35 to 50. Calculating the index of YLL indicated that, the premature death due to mental and behavioral disorders led to the loss of 26064 person-year for the country in 2016. Conclusion: Although deaths from mental illness and behavioral disorders in Iran were low, it seems that it needs serious attention. The occurrence of these deaths at young ages among women and adulthood among men suggest that economic and social conditions might have a role.

Objective (s): The elderly people consume much of the home health care. Therefore how to organize home care services and identify the services needed is important in order to manage and control resources. The purpose of this study was to describe home health services status in Tehran, Iran. Methods: A sample of elderly people receiving home health care during April 2017 to September 2017 was studied. The data was collected using a checklist. Data was entered into SPSS V. 19 and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: In all 278 elderly people were studied. Of these 59. 4% were female and 65. 2% were married and their mean age was 81 ± 2. 5 years. The results showed that the most frequent services that needed were nursing service (55. 4%), physician visit (17. 0%) physiotherapy (15. 0%). Medical services had a significant statistical relationship with the age and marital status of the elderly but non-medical services (physiotherapy, nursing and laboratory) had a significant relationship with gender, age, marital status and education (p≤ 0. 05). Conclusion: The findings showed that elderly people needed a variety of services. Also there were differences in the use of home health care among the elderly by age, gender, and other demographic factors. Overall, it is necessary for health care providers to understand the growth of the elderly population in the country and their needs in the coming years in order to plan appropriate programs and actions.

Objective (s): The numerous and complex treatments in women with breast cancer affect the body image of the patients. There are various ways to improve the body image of breast cancer survivors (BCS). This study aimed to review interventions to improve body image of women with breast cancer. Methods: Several search engines including PubMed sites, CINAHL, ScinceDirect, Google Scholar, Magiran, Wiley online library, and SID were examined on the topic and the literature published between 2009 to 2020 were retrieved. Then, two independent reviewers using the consort checklist evaluated the quality of the studies. Results: In all 186 studies were found. After adapting the inclusion criteria, 16 trials were selected for review. Overall iInterventions performed to improver body image in breast cancer patients were: psychological interventions (56. 25%), and sport related interventions. (18. 75%). The remaining interventions were related to other disciplines (25%). The shortest intervention was 20 minutes on a decision-making aid and the longest was Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for 24 weeks. Conclusion: The findings suggest that evidence on interventions to improve body image body image is limited. Further studies are needed to provide sound evidence for improving body image for women who suffer from breast cancer.

Objective (s): The main life skills could promote adolescents' self-esteem. However, to teach all skills requires many resources and prioritization. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate on factors that predict self-esteem in adolescent girls. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 364 student girls aged 12-14 years old in Birjand, Iran in 2018 using cluster sampling. Data collected using the Life Skills and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaires. Self-esteem was the dependent variable and the ten main life skills were the independent variables. Statistical analysis was performed using regression in order to assess the predictive factors of self-esteem in adolescent girls. Results: The mean life skills scores was 138. 23 ± 80. 26 and the mean self-esteem score was 4. 98 ± 4. 41. Regression analysis showed that among the ten main life skills, self-awareness (p<0/001), interpersonal relationships (p=0/004) and creative thinking (p=0/005) had a significant relationship with self-esteem. Interpersonal relationships influences creative thinking, and they both influence self-awareness. Self-awareness was the strongest predictor. In other words, the adolescent will have a higher self-esteem by knowing more about strengths and weaknesses and desire of themselves. Conclusion: The findings suggest that in order to improve self-esteem among adolescents the focus should be on teaching selfawareness, interpersonal relationships and creative thinking skills.

Objective (s): Health literacy (HL) influences adoption of preventive behaviors for breast cancer. This study aimed to examine association between HL and adoption of breast cancer preventive behaviors. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. A sample of students in Qazvin was selected using stratified random sampling method. The data collection instruments included: Health Literacy Instrument for Adults (HELIA) and breast cancer preventive behaviors. Results: In total 375 students were studied. The mean score for the breast cancer preventive behaviors was 8. 92± 1. 82 (out of 16). Among the five dimensions of HL, the highest mean score was for understanding and the lowest was for decision making and application of health information. Multiple regression analysis showed that the appraisal (β =0. 252, P=0. 024), decision making and application of health information (β =0. 479, P=0. 005) were the predictor of the adoption of breast cancer preventive behaviors that jointly explain 48. 3% of variance in behavior changes. Conclusion: The results indicate that in order to prevent breast cancer, educational programs need to focus on HL in general and on some specific skills in particular.

Objective (s): About 90% of diabetes cases during pregnancy are due to gestational diabetes. This study aimed to assess risk factors for gestational diabetes in pregnant women. Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 279 pregnant women with gestational diabetes and 346 non-diabetic pregnant women referring to health centers in Shoushtar, southwestern of Iran, in 2017-2018. Demographic characteristics and information about risk factors for gestational diabetes were collected by a checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using t-test, chi-square and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean age of women was 27. 88± 5. 49 years. History of macrosomia (P < 0. 001), history of gestational diabetes in the previous pregnancies (P < 0. 001), history of gestational diabetes in the family (P < 0. 001), history of type 2 diabetes in the family (P < 0. 001), and history of preeclampsia (P = 0. 007) were identified as risk factors for gestational diabetes in univariate analysis, while history of gestational diabetes in the previous pregnancies and history of type 2 diabetes in the family were remained as risk factor for gestational diabetes in multiple logistic. Conclusion: Due to the high incidence of adverse complications of gestational diabetes, designing a special care system in health services for pregnant mothers, especially mothers with a history of gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies and a history of type 2 diabetes in the family is recommended.

Objective (s): Motorcyclists are vulnerable to traffic accidents. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Brief Scale of Unsafe Behaviors of motorcyclists. Methods: This was a cross sectional study of 110 motorcyclists referred to the Persian Gulf clearance headquarters Tehran, Iran in year 2017. Demographics and Persian version of the motorcycle unsafe behavior data was used from Zamani F., et al. studies. The exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to assess the validity and reliability using SPSS 25 software. Results: The result of KMO test after deleting 4 out of 11 questions indicated the adequacy of sample size (0. 824). The results of Bartlett's test of sphericity showed that the data were appropriate (p <0. 001). In tall, the questions explained about 59% of variance observed in motorcyclists’ unsafe behaviors. Items on eating, drinking, and driving in the opposite direction of the street showed the most factor loading, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0. 83 indicating a desirable value. Conclusion: The Persian version of brief scale of motorcyclists’ unsafe behaviors had acceptable validity and reliability.

Objective (s): Caring for elderly with Alzheimer can lead to the development or exacerbation of many physical and psychological problems for caregivers. The purpose of this study was to assess the anxiety and depression in caregivers of elderly with Alzheimer. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 315 caregivers of elderly people with Alzheimer in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected by demographic questionnaire, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The mean and standard deviation of caregivers’ anxiety was 12. 61± 10. 48 which was significantly higher in women than men (p = 0. 004). The mean and standard deviation of caregivers’ depression was 13. 23 ± 9. 52 which was significantly higher in women than men (p = 0. 001). The results of t-test and one-way analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between total anxiety score by gender, caregiver-to-elderly ratio, health status and caregivers’ income status (p = 0. 001). There was also a significant difference between the overall score of depression and marital status, gender, income and caregivers health status (p = 0. 001). Conclusion: The study showed that Alzheimer's caregivers experience mild to moderate levels of anxiety and depression. The findings suggest strategic planning to increase social support among Alzheimer's caregivers is essential.